Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

It is the study of carbon compounds that always contain carbon and are not limited to other elements that is referred to as organic chemistry or organic chemistry. Organic compounds were defined as those derived from plants and animals, indicating that their ultimate source was a living organism in some way.

Tetravalency of Carbon Shapes in Organic Compounds

1)Catenation: Catenation is the joining of two or more words. It is possible to define catenation as the self-linking of atoms of an element in order to form chains and rings. Adding the formation of layers (two-dimensional catenation) and space lattices to this definition can broaden its scope considerably (three-dimensional catenation).

2)Tetravalency and small size: ‘Tetravalency’ is exhibited by carbon. Carbon’s tetravalency can be satisfied by forming bonds with other atoms, including carbon, hydrogen, and other elements. In the valence shell of the carbon atom, there are four electrons. During the process of bond formation, which is an energy-releasing process, it is hypothesised that the two electrons in the 2s orbital become unpaired, and that one of them is promoted to the empty orbital, thereby accounting for tetravalent behaviour.

Structures of Organic Compounds 

1)Structural Formula in Its Entirety – Full structural equations depict the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule, the types of bonds that hold them together, and the way they are interconnected.

2)Condensed Structural Formula – The condensed structural formula is used to save space, and structural formulas are often abbreviated as condensed structural formulas to make them more accessible.

3)Structure with Bond Lines – A bond-line structure is less cluttered than a condensed structural formula because it is drawn with bond lines. However, in order to comprehend the simplified bond-line structure, the reader must mentally incorporate a large number of additional features in order to comprehend the overall structure.

Classification of Organic compounds

1)Acyclic or Open Chain Compounds & Alicyclic or Closed Chain or Ring Compounds – 

Organic compounds are classified as open-chain compounds or closed-chain compounds based on the length of the carbon chain in which they are bonded together. Organic Compounds are another term for this type of compound. Acyclic, open-chain, or aliphatic compounds are compounds that are cyclic or open-chain. Compounds with a cyclic or closed chain or ring structure Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all types of organic compounds.

2)Aromatic Compounds – Only plants and microorganisms have access to benzene-ring compounds, which are produced by the oxidation of benzene. As a result, plants and microorganisms are responsible for the production of the vast majority of aromatic compounds found in nature, and animals are reliant on plants for the production of many aromatic compounds either directly or indirectly.

3)Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds – The first inorganic heteroaromatic compound to be synthesised in a laboratory was discovered in the twentieth century. Certain heterocyclic aromatic compounds are extremely important in biochemical processes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, among other applications. Condensed structural formulas are used to save space, and structural formulas are often abbreviated as condensed structural formulas to make things easier to remember.

Organic Compounds: Nomenclature and Classification

1)The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Rules – 

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds follow the recommendations of the IUPAC in naming organic compounds, carbocations, and other similar compounds. For organic compounds, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) developed a set of naming guidelines.

2)Types of Chemical Nomenclature – 

Chemical nomenclature is primarily based on naming a presumed geometrical arrangement of atoms, which is referred to as the nomenclature. Chemical substance naming is overseen by several commissions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which are responsible for the naming of chemical substances. In general, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) takes the approach of presenting rules for arriving at names systematically.

Isomerism

1)Structural Isomerism – Structural Isomerism occurs as a result of a difference in the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, which results in a different structure. When two molecules have the same molecular formula, they are said to be structural isomers.

2)Stereoisomerism – Stereo-isomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and the same sequence of bonded atoms, but are only different in the 3D orientations of their atoms in space. Stereo-isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and the same sequence of bonded atoms, but are only different in the 3D orientations of their atoms in space. It is possible to distinguish between two types of stereoisomerism: geometrical (or cs-trans) isomerism and optical (or d-1 or mirror-image) isomerism.

The Purification of Organic Compounds Using Various Methods

1)Simple crystallisation – Crystallisation is one of the most effective purification techniques for solids. It is relatively simple to perform. Selecting the solvent and preparing a solution for simple crystallisation are both necessary steps in the process.

2)A technique known as fractional crystallisation can be used for the purification of a single substance that has been contaminated with small amounts of impurities.

3)When it comes to purifying relatively volatile organic solids on scales ranging from a few milligrammes to several hundred grams, sublimation is a fantastic method.

4)Simple distillation is the process of converting a liquid into its vapour, transporting the vapour to a different location, and recovering the liquid by condensing the vapour back into the liquid.

5)Fractional distillation – Fractional distillation is the process of separating a mixture into sections or fractions of the material that makes up the mixture. 

6)Chemical compounds can be isolated from a mixture by heating them to a temperature at which one or more parts of the mixture vaporises.

Quantity Analysis

Quantitative Analysis is a term used to describe the process of analysing data quantitatively.Along with the development of analytical chemistry theory, the elementary organic analysis is also taken into consideration. The term “quantitative analysis” refers to the process of determining how much of a given item is present in a sample. There are several ways to express a sample’s quantity, including size, concentration, and relative abundance of the various components in the sample.

Applications of organic chemistry compounds

• Organic Chemistry is extremely important.

Natural products and pharmaceuticals are examples of areas where organic chemistry can be applied. For example, aspirin, which is used to treat headaches, and Ibuprofen, which is used to treat pain, are both organic compounds. Paracetamol is an example of a prescription medication.

• Food: As an example, starch, which is a carbohydrate, is an organic compound that is found in rice and other grains. It is a source of energy in its own right.

• Clothing, for example, is made up of organic compounds such as nylon, polyester, and cotton.

• Fuels: Examples include gasoline, petrol, and diesel, which are organic compounds that are widely used in the automobile industry.

Conclusion

It is the study of carbon compounds that always contain carbon and are not limited to other elements that is referred to as organic chemistry or organic chemistry.Catenation is the joining of two or more words. It is possible to define catenation as the self-linking of atoms of an element in order to form chains and rings.Full structural equations depict the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule, the types of bonds that hold them together, and the way they are interconnected.Nomenclature of Organic Compounds follow the recommendations of the IUPAC in naming organic compounds, carbocations, and other similar compounds.The tetravalent carbon atom is a fundamental building block of structural organic chemistry and chemistry in general.Chemical compounds can be isolated from a mixture by heating them to a temperature at which one or more parts of the mixture vaporises.Natural products and pharmaceuticals are examples of areas where organic chemistry can be applied.