Number of Orbitals and Types of Hybridization

Hybridization was established to account for the failure of the valence bond theory to accurately predict molecule structure. Organic molecules exhibit bond angles near to 109o, 120o, or 180o. According to the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, electron pairs repel one another and the bonds and lone pairs surrounding a core atom are generally separated by the greatest angles possible.

Carbon should form two covalent bonds, resulting in a CH2, according to Valence Bond Theory, because it contains two unpaired electrons in its electrical structure. However, tests have demonstrated that CH2 is extremely reactive and hence cannot exist in the absence of a reaction. As a result, this does not account for the existence of CH4. Carbon’s arrangement must include four unpaired electrons in order to create four bonds.

Hybridization

The term “hybridization” refers to the process of merging two atomic orbitals to form new hybridized orbitals. Typically, this intermixing results in the development of hybrid orbitals with radically diverse energies, morphologies, and so forth. Hybridization is primarily accomplished by the interaction of atomic orbitals of the same energy level. However, if the energies of the orbitals are equal, both fully filled and half-filled orbitals can participate in this process. Hybridization is a notion that is an extension of valence bond theory that enables us to comprehend bond formation, bond energy, and bond lengths.

Types of hybridization-Sp3, sp2, sp, dsp2, sp3d, sp3d2, sp3d3.

sp hybridization: A hybridization process in which only the 1s and 1p orbitals of the same element are involved is referred to as sp hybridization. For instance, consider the production of the acetylene molecule.

It generates 180°-angled linear molecules. It entails merging one’s orbital energy with that of a ‘p’ orbital to create a new hybrid orbital known as a sp hybridized orbital.

• Additionally, it is referred to as diagonal hybridization.

• Each orbital with sp hybridization contains the same number of s and p characters.

• All beryllium compounds are examples, including BeF2, BeH2, and BeCl2.

Sp2 hybridization: Sp2 hybridization is the process of combining and recasting the 1s and 2p orbitals of a single atom with nearly identical energies to generate three new sp2 hybrid orbitals with equal energies, maximal symmetry, and a defined orientation in space. For instance, the synthesis of an ethylene molecule.

• Each hybrid orbital generated has a ‘p’ character of 33.33 percent and 66.66 percent.

• The triangular planar molecules have a center atom that is sp2 hybridized with three additional atoms. 

Sp3 hybridization: Hybridization is a process in which the 1s and 3p orbitals of the same element are mixed and recast to generate a new hybrid orbital with the same energy, symmetry, and fixed orientation in space. The creation of the methane molecule provides an illustration.

• The 109.28-degree angle formed by the sp3 hybrid orbitals.

• Each hybrid orbital contains 25% s and 75% p.

Sp3d hybridization : When 1s, 3p, and 1d orbitals of the same element combine and recast to produce hybrid orbitals with identical energies and spatial orientation, the hybridization is referred to as sp3d. For instance, consider the PCl5 molecule. In PCl5, the central phosphorus atom undergoes sp3 d hybridization, resulting in the formation of five sp3d hybrid orbitals.

• The equatorial orbitals are three hybrid orbitals that reside in the horizontal plane and are arranged at a 120° angle to one another.

• The remaining two orbitals, dubbed axial orbitals, are perpendicular to the equatorial orbitals in the vertical plane.

Sp3d2 hybridization: When 1s, 3p, and 2d orbitals of the same element combine to generate hybrid orbitals with the same energy and orientation in space, this process is referred to as sp3d2 hybridization. SF6 is a product of this hybridization.

Sp3d3 hybridization: When the 1s, 3p, 3d orbitals of the same element are combined and recast to produce hybrid orbitals with the same energy, this is referred to as sp3d3 hybridization. IF7 is an example of a sp3d3 molecule hybridizing.

Number of orbital formula

 Squaring the primary quantum number yields the number of orbitals in a shell. For instance, (n = 2) will have two equals four orbitals. As a result of the foregoing, we can deduce that the number of orbitals with the principal quantum number n = 3 is nine.

Conclusion

Ordinals are a depiction of the behavior of electrons within molecules that can be used as a model. Specifically, in the situation of simple hybridization, this approximation is founded on atomic orbitals that are analogous to those derived for the hydrogen atom, which happens to be the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved exactly. The atomic orbitals utilized in heavier atoms, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are the 2s and 2p orbitals, which are analogous to the excited state orbitals used in hydrogen’s excited state.