Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Our information, the genetics information, is stored in human cells as RNA and DNA, much like the cassette tapes people used to keep track of their favourite songs back in the day. These have acidic properties and are composed of polymers with repeating unit units. In human cells, these huge molecules known as “nucleic acids” hold a wealth of information related to us, including our family history and our genetic makeup.

Huge macromolecules that store, encode, and transfer genetic information are what we mean when we talk about nucleic acids. Let’s learn more regarding the structure and properties of nucleic acids.

Structure of nucleic acid

Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and carbon are just a few of the essential elements found in macromolecules. Long-chained polymers based on nucleotide monomers are what they are,  a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and specific nitrogen base make up each nucleotide.

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is the name given to a polymer that has ribose as its sugar. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or simply DNA, is the name given to deoxyribose. When all other biomolecules are taken into account, RNA and DNA are the ones that matter most to living things. Because of the way these molecules are structured, the genetic codex found in every cell of every organism can be read and transmitted. Nucleic acid structures in DNA and RNA encode this encoded data.

Strings of nucleotides bind together to form the helical backbones in the nucleic acids. The number of backbones in DNA versus RNA is one of the most significant differences between the two. These nucleobase base pairs are used to build nucleobase base pair chains. Some of the more common nucleobases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine. DNA and RNA contain different amounts of uracil and thymine atoms, which is an important distinction to make.

As a result of the nucleobase sequences, nucleic acids like DNA are able to store and encode the related genetic information of the body through a variety of processes, including protein synthesis using amino acids.

Types of nucleic acid

There are mainly two types of nucleic acids found in living beings, as previously mentioned. DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids (RNA). DNA is the primary genetic source in living organisms, and it is the source of all genetic data. DNA can be found in the cells of each and every organism, even the tiniest unicellular bacteria and the largest multicellular animals like elephants and humans. eukaryotic nuclei and plant chloroplasts and mitochondria are both made of DNA, as well.

However, the DNA of prokaryotic organisms is not protected by a coat of membranous tissue . This means that in these organisms, the DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.

Genomes are the collective name for all of a cell’s genetic material and Genomic science refers to the study of genomes and the related genetic material.

DNA nucleic acid

• In eukaryotic organisms, DNA and histone proteins form chromatin, that is a chemical complex
• Prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not exhibit this property.
• Thousands of and hundreds of genes are stored in each chromosome, determining the organism’s identity, habits and other characteristics.
• This information can be used to produce proteins in the body. RNA products can also be encoded by some of these.
• DNA is responsible for all cellular activity in cells.

Structure of DNA

• Polynucleotide chains form the backbone of DNA, forming a double helix.
• There are two DNA strands that run in parallel in this double helix.
• Hydrogen bonds connect the helices, and the bases are arranged in a helix-like structure.
• Due to the presence of phosphate groups, DNA is negatively charged.
• phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases, and pentose sugar make up the DNA chemical composition.
• DNA contains the sugar molecule -D-2-deoxyribose.
• These four nitrogen bases are found in DNA and are known collectively as the “cyclic nucleotide bases” (CNBs).
• Genomic data can be stored and passed down through the generations thanks to these bases.

RNA nucleic acid: structure

Transcriptional and translational processes are carried out almost exclusively by RNA, which plays a key role in protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. For transcription and protein synthesis, DNA molecules communicate with the rest of the cell’s machinery using an intermediate messenger RNA (mRNA), also known as messenger RNA. Protein synthesis is also aided by a variety of other RNA types. The microRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all examples. Furthermore, RNA is single-stranded and frequently found folded in its native form.

• Phosphoric acid, heterocyclic nitrogen bases, and a pentose sugar group are all present in RNA molecules, just as they are in DNA.
• Each and every one of RNA’s heterocyclic bases is one of the four aforementioned nucleotides. DNA does not contain a phosphate-attached D-ribose sugar molecule.

Types of RNA nucleic acid

1. During transcription, an RNA transcript known as messenger RNA is created, also known as a precursor RNA. In order to communicate with the other cells, the DNA utilises this method.
2. The smallest of the four types of RNA is the microRNA. Gene expression and regulation depend heavily on it.
3. Transcriptional translation is carried out by the use of translatase (translatase).
4. The ribosomal RNA is one of the most important RNA’s in the body, and it aids in the production of proteins in our cells and in our body as a whole.

Nucleic acid functions

In the bodies of living organisms, nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, play a critical role.

The following are the responsibilities of these individuals:

• Protein synthesis is aided by the presence of nucleic acids.
• Protein synthesis necessitates the involvement of RNA.
• To communicate with the rest of the cell, RNA serves as an intermediary between the DNA and other cell components.
• During protein synthesis, this intermediate mRNA is taken up by the cell’s nucleus and binds to a DNA strand.
• DNA and RNA share the same nitrogen base sequence because they are complementary. Transcription is the name given to this process.
• In the case of UUCCGGAA on an RNA strand, AAGGCCTT on a DNA one would follow.
• In addition, messenger RNA aids in the transfer of genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
• Proteins are made by putting these together.
• When mRNA reaches the ribosomes, it does not immediately begin the process of translating into proteins.
• The tRNA, also known as the transferred RNA, attaches itself to the mRNA in order to translate the mRNA’s information into a form that can be read.
• Codons, or groups of three bases, are used to accomplish this.
• As a result, each three-letter set can serve as a codon that encodes important instructions and information.
• The genetic code is another name for this pattern of correspondence.
• It is found in all living organisms, regardless of species.
• Mutation and other diseases can be caused by the loss of nucleic acids, or DNA, in cells.
• Forensic fingerprinting relies on DNA as a key component. There are many fields where DNA research is flourishing, such as evolutionary anthropology and natural history, as well as epidemiology, which is used in paternity disputes and criminal cases.

Conclusion

Long-chain polymeric molecules, the monomer (the repeating unit) is known as the nucleotide, and thus nucleic acids are sometimes referred to as polynucleotides. Nucleic acids are the important constituents of genes which are necessary for the functioning of the body. This topic is one of the most important topics to be studied deeply.

As far as nucleic acids go, DNA and RNA are the two most prevalent. It is through the use of DNA and RNA that specific characteristics can be passed down from one generation to the next.