Electron Gain Enthalpy of Elements

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom is referred to as electron gain enthalpy. The electron gain enthalpy is expressed in KJ/mol or KJ per Mole.

The process of electron gain enthalpy involves either the release or absorption of energy.

It denotes the energy of the extra electron that became entangled with the gaseous atom.

When the amount of energy released in a chemical reaction increases, electrons gain enthalpy. These types of reactions can be exothermic or endothermic.

On the basis of the constituent elements, the reaction is exothermic because it releases energy and endothermic because it absorbs energy.

An anion, a negative gaseous ion, is formed during the process.

The enthalpy of electron gain is measured in KJ/mol and electron volts per atom.

What is the electron gain enthalpy?

The energy produced when a neutral isolated gaseous atom takes an additional electron to create the gaseous negative Ion, i.e. anion, is referred to as an element’s electron gain enthalpy. It is represented by the symbol Δ egH. The greater the quantity of energy released in the beginning process, the greater the element’s electron gain enthalpy.

An element’s electron gain enthalpy is a measurement of the firmness or strength with which an additional electron is attached to it. It is expressed as electron volts per atom or kilojoules per mole. When an electron is added to an atom, the process might be endothermic or exothermic.

What is an element?

As far as chemical concepts go, the element is the most fundamental. It’s one of the first concepts that a chemistry student encounters, frequently in the iconic tabulation of nature’s basic ingredients that Dmitri Mendeleev first described 150 years ago and that is being celebrated this year. Despite this, no one knows what an element is. During a meeting of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry in Bristol in July 2018, the question was debated vigorously and occasionally passionately – but no consensus was reached.

That comes as no surprise. Some of the greatest minds in chemistry, including Antoine Lavoisier, Mendeleev, and nuclear chemistry pioneer Frederick Soddy, have wrestled with it, but a concise and comprehensive definition remains elusive. And some of the meeting’s attendees suggested that this might be for the best.

Element’s Electron Gain Enthalpy

Electron gain enthalpy of the following elements can be arranged, in terms of chlorine and fluorine. Because of the small size of F and the high electronic repulsion among fluorine electrons, Cl has a high electron gain enthalpy. This makes the arrival of another electron unfavourable.

Because of its larger size and lower electron density, sulphur has a higher electron gain enthalpy than oxygen.

As a result, O,SF,CL

Cl has the highest negative electron gain enthalpy, while O has the lowest negative electron gain enthalpy.

When considering the negative sign, the greater the negative value, the smaller the negative value, and the lesser the negative value, the larger the negative value.

Types of Electron gain enthalpy

• Enthalpy of negative electron gain:

When energy is released, negative electron gain enthalpy indicates negative values. When halogens gain electrons, they become more stable. Because of their strong affinity to achieve stable noble gas configurations, halogens have a highly negative electron gain enthalpy.

• Enthalpy of positive electron gain:

When the element has a positive electron gain enthalpy, it is hesitant to accept the other atom. Because noble gases have a high positive electron gain enthalpy, the extra gained electron is transferred to a higher energy level, resulting in a highly reactive and unstable electronic configuration. It denotes that it has large negative values in the upper right corner of the periodic table, excluding the noble gases.

Factors that Affect Electron Gain Enthalpy

• Atomic Size: As atomic size increases, so does the overall distance between the nucleus and the last cell. As a result, the force of attraction between the core and the newly added electron decreases and thus becomes less negative.

• Nuclear Charge: As the total negative charge increases, the force of attraction between the newly added electron and the nucleus increases, causing the enthalpy to become more negative in nature.

• Electronic Configuration: Elements with exact half-filled or fully filled orbitals are generally very stable. Energy must be supplied to such elements in order for electron addition to occur. As a result, the electron gain enthalpy of such elements is extremely high.

Variation of Electron Gain Enthalpy

Along a Group

• As we proceed down the group, the electron gain enthalpy gets less negative.
• The atomic size and nuclear charge grow as we move down the group. However, the effect of increased atomic size is far more significant than the effect of nuclear charge.
• The nucleus’s attraction to the incoming electron decreases as atomic size increases. This causes decrement of the electron gain enthalpy.
• Chlorine has the highest negative electron gain enthalpy.

Along a Period

• In a period from left to right Electron gain enthalpy decreases
• Moving from left to right over a period, the atomic size decreases and the nuclear charge increases. Both of these characteristics contribute to boosting the nucleus’s attraction to the approaching electron. As a result, the electron gain enthalpy decreases from left to right over time.
• Highest negative electron gain enthalpy can be seen in halogens. As we progress from chlorine to iodine, the electron gain enthalpies grow less and less negative as their atomic radii rise.

Conclusion

The energy produced when a neutral isolated gaseous atom takes an additional electron to create the gaseous negative Ion, i.e.anion, is referred to as an element’s electron gain enthalpy. The process of electron gain enthalpy involves either the release or absorption of energy. The enthalpy of electron gain is measured in KJ/mol and electron volts per atom. The greater the quantity of energy released in the beginning process, the greater the element’s electron gain enthalpy. An element’s electron gain enthalpy is a measurement of the firmness or strength with which an additional electron is attached to it.