Chemical Reactivity of Aspirin with Halogen

Aspirin (Asp) is a common analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet drug. Asp and its modified derivatives have recently been used to treat cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular illnesses. By suppressing cyclooxygenase, it prevents prostaglandin formation. Asthma, kidney illness, and gastrointestinal problems are some of the most common side effects. Many researchers have previously found and reported on some of Aspirin’s key metabolites. The production of metabolites and their biological effect have remained a mystery till now. 

On the basis of quantum mechanical approaches, attempts have been made to optimise the reported metabolites in order to comprehend their biological behaviour. To compare their thermal and chemical behaviour, the free energy, enthalpy, dipole moment, HOMO-LUMO gap, and molecule electrostatic potential were determined. Humans have been used to accomplish molecular docking. Halogens are diatomic compounds that react to form reactive elements. All are oxidizers, with fluorine being the most powerful. The components can be found in nature, with salt (NaCl) being the most common chlorine compound. Fluorine can be found in fluorite, calcium fluoride, and other minerals. 

Chemical Reactivity of Aspirin With Halogen 

• Furthermore, while aspirin inhibits COX-2’s ability to form pro-inflammatory products such as prostaglandins, it converts this enzyme’s activity from that of a prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase to that of a lipoxygenase-like enzyme: aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolises a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxy products, which are then further metabolised to specialised proxyresolv.
• This aspirin-induced switch of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity, and the resulting synthesis of specific proresolving mediators, is thought to contribute to aspirin anti inflammatory action.
• Due to their highly efficient flame retardancy and low price, halogen-containing flame retardants, which include around 50–100 different halogen-containing compounds that fulfil most market needs, are one of the most widely used flame retardants and their families. 
• However, several halogenated flame retardants have been linked to the production of hazardous halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, limiting their widespread use. As a result of ongoing environmental and toxicological concerns, several halogen-containing flame retardants are being phased out in favour of halogen-free alternatives. 
• Because there are so many chemicals and polymer systems to choose from, it’s hard to cover all of them in one chapter. As a result, this chapter will concentrate solely on the difficulty of replacing halogen flame retardants with halogen-free alternatives.

Overview of Aspirin 

• At least three new mechanisms of action for aspirin have been discovered. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria by diffusing as a proton carrier from the inner membrane and space back into their mitochondrial matrix, wherefore it ionises and the releases protons once more. 
• Protons are buffered and transported by aspirin. Due to the heat generated from the electron transport chain, excessive doses of aspirin may actually cause fever, as opposed to the antipyretic activity found with lesser doses.
• Furthermore, aspirin causes the body to produce NO-radicals, which have been proven in mice to have their own mechanism for decreasing inflammation. Although data suggests that diminished leukocyte adherence is a critical phase in the immunological response to infection,Salicylic acid, which has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties, is easily broken down by the body. 
• Salicylic acid was shown to activate AMP-activated protein kinase in 2012, which has been proposed as a possible explanation for some of the salicylic acid and aspirin . The acetyl group in aspirin has its own set of receptors.
• Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-known process in the post-translational regulation of protein activity. In addition to COX isoenzymes, aspirin can acetylate a variety of additional targets. Many previously unexplained effects of aspirin could be explained.

What Are The Uses of Aspirin?

• Although aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain, it is often regarded as inferior to ibuprofen due to its increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Muscle cramps, bloating, stomach distension, and acute skin irritation are all ailments that aspirin is useless for. 
• Combinations of aspirin and caffeine, like other NSAIDs, provide slightly better pain relief than aspirin alone. Aspirin in effervescent form relieves pain faster than aspirin in pills, making it effective for the treatment of migraines. Some kinds of neuropathic pain may respond well to topical aspirin.
• Certain forms of headaches are adequately treated with aspirin, either alone or in a combination formulation, although its usefulness for others is debatable. Headaches that are caused by another disorder or trauma should be treated.

Conclusion 

Aspirin is a common analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet drug. On the basis of quantum mechanical approaches, attempts have been made to optimise the reported metabolites in order to comprehend their biological behaviour. Furthermore, while aspirin inhibits COX-2’s ability to form pro-inflammatory products such as prostaglandins, it converts this enzyme’s activity from that of a prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase to that of a lipoxygenase-like enzyme: aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolises a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxy products. This aspirin-induced switch of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity, and the resulting synthesis of specific proresolving mediators, is thought to contribute to aspirin anti inflammatory action.