Carbon: Variation of Properties

Carbon is one of only a handful of exceptional components known since antiquity. It is without uncertainty perhaps the most flexible component known to man, as should be visible to the way that it is the premise of life on this planet. It has an interesting range of variation of properties both down a group and right across a period. For more details, the research of carbon and its properties come into play.

General Properties of Carbon

Some common properties of carbon are: 

1. Atomic Number: The atomic number of carbons is 6.
2. Atomic Mass: Its atomic mass is 12.011 g mol^-1.
3. Oxidation States: It has three oxidation states, -4, +2, +4.
4. Boiling Point: Its boiling point is 4827^o C.
5. Melting Point: Its melting point is 3652^o C.
6. Electronegativity: According to Pauling, the electronegativity of carbon is 2.5.
7. Electronegativity: According to Sanderson, the electronegativity of carbon is 2.75.
8. Density:  Its density is 2.2 g cm^-3 at 20^o C.
9. Ionic Radius: The ionic radius for C^4- is 0.26 nm and for C⁴⁺ is 0.015 nm.
10. Van Der Waals Radius: Its Van Der Waals radius is 0.091 nm.
11. Hardness: Its hardness is 0.5 (Mohs scale).
12. Electronic Shell: The electron shell configuration of carbon is [He]2s² 2p².
13. Isotopes: It has three isotopes.
14. Energy of first ionization: The energy of the first ionization of carbon is 1086.1 KJ mol^-1.
15. Energy of second ionization: The energy of the second ionization of carbon is 2351.9 KJ mol^-1.
16. Energy of third ionization: The energy of the third ionization of carbon is 4618.8 KJ mol^-1.
17. Heat of Sublimation: Its heat of sublimation is 170 kcal g^-1.
18. Heat of Vaporization: Its heat of vaporization is 715 kJ mol^-1.
19. Crystal Structure: It has a cubic crystal structure for diamond and a hexagonal crystal structure for graphite.
20. Colour: The color of its allotrope graphite is black and diamond is colorless.

Properties of Carbon in Periodic Table

1. The properties of carbon in a periodic table lie between the properties of associated adjacent boron and nitrogen groups.
2. For carbon, the transition from non-metallic to metallic behaviour (character) is specifically apparent.
3. Thus, carbon is non-metal in every aspect.
4. Carbon also shows the property known as catenation. Catenation is the holding of atoms of a similar element into a series, called a chain.
5. Carbon only forms covalent bonds and cannot form ionic bonds because it has only 4 valence electrons.

Physical and Biological Role of Carbon

Based on weight, carbon comes in number nineteenth in the request for natural overflow. It has been assessed that there are something like 3.5 times as many carbon molecules as silicon iotas (atoms) in the universe. Aside from carbon, just helium, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and neon are naturally plentiful in the universe. Carbon is an enormous item when helium is singed. In this cycle, three helium cores with nuclear weight 4, get combined to deliver a carbon core with nuclear weight 12. In the Earth’s outside layer, natural carbon is a minor supplement. In any case, carbon intensifies like carbonates of calcium, magnesium helps in the development of normal minerals like dolomite, magnesite, limestone, and marble. In addition, the shells of mollusks, clams, and corals are calcium carbonate. Carbon is conveyed generally as coal and natural mixtures. They establish flammable gas, petrol, and plant and creature tissue. Carbon is a significant part of the time spent in photosynthesis. A characteristic grouping of compound responses includes the change of the carbon cycle to shape climatic carbon dioxide and carbs.

Applications of Carbon

Some major applications of carbon are: 

• These incorporate enhancements with bits of precious stone or dark shade on the edge of vehicles or ink of printer
• Graphite is one more type of carbon that has been utilized for pots of high-temperature, curve light cathodes, dry cells, or pencil tips
• There is one more nebulous condition of carbon, known as vegetal carbon which is utilized through dying specialists and gas absorbents
• Dry Ice is a strong type of carbon. Carbon monoxide is helpful for the decrease in various metallurgic cycles
• The mixtures of carbon have various purposes. For the carbonization of beverages, they use carbon dioxide and fire quenchers
• In regard to modern solvents, carbon disulphide, and carbon tetrachloride are a portion of the eminent considerations

Conclusion

From the above points, we can have the essence of the beauty of carbon. Its vast usage and properties are expanding the ways of research in a prideful manner. The wide range of interesting variations of properties both down a group and right across a period adds a feather to its cap. Let’s hope for the opening of new doors toward carbon research in the upcoming years.