T cells and B cells

When bacteria, viruses, or parasites infect the body, an alert goes off, triggering a chain reaction of cellular activity in the immune system. To aid in the attack on the invading pathogen, macrophages or other innate immune cells such as basophils, dendritic cells, or neutrophils may be used. Those cells are frequently successful, and the intruder is defeated. When the body requires a more complex attack, T-cells and B-cells are called upon. These cells are the immune system’s special forces—a line of defence that learns to recognise specific foreign threats based on previous behaviours and encounters and attacks them when they recur.

 B cells

These cells mature in the bone marrow and respond to antigens by producing antibodies. 

The humoral reaction is mediated by B lymphocytes. B cells create plasma cells and memory B cells as soon as they come into contact with antigens.

T cells

T cells develop in the thymus after starting in the bone marrow. T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells are two subtypes of T lymphocytes. 

They are in charge of eliminating infections from the body. T cells cause B cells to form plasma cells and activate T killer cells to kill the invaders’ cells as soon as the foreign antigen enters the cells.

Similarities of b and t cells

B and T cells both come from the bone marrow. Adaptive immunity is mediated by these cells. They belong to the lymphocyte family.

 The cells are motile and nucleated. Both aid in the protection of the immune system and the fight against infections. Both cells belong to the lymphatic system and are non-phagocytic.

Properties of b cells and t cells 

 These features are shared by both B cells and T cells, as they are integral membrane proteins. They exist in a large number of identical copies that are visible on the cell surface. 

They are ready long before the cell even comes into contact with an antigen. They are encoded by genes, which are made up of a variety of DNA segments.

 They have a one-of-a-kind binding location. This site binds to an antigenic determinant or epitope, which is a part of the antigen.

T-helper cell

T-helper cell: A type of T cell that recognises foreign antigens and secretes cytokines that activate T and B cells, thereby assisting other cells in the immune response. 

T-helper cells are divided into two types: those that stimulate other T cells to induce cellular inflammatory responses, and those that drive B cells to produce antibodies as part of the humoral immune response. 

These two types of responses are often incompatible with one another, necessitating the coordination of chemicals known as cytokines in order to enhance one while inhibiting the other.

T-helper cells are attacked by the HIV virus, which disables the body’s ability to fight infections.

Functional crosstalk between T cells and monocytes in cancer 

Monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, such as Ms and dendritic cells, have a wide range of phenotypic states that are influenced by their surroundings. 

These cells use cues that vary from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory to direct T cell activation and activity. 

Two pathological habitats with unique immune microenvironments are solid tumours and atherosclerotic plaques. 

While monocytes and their progeny can be detected in both disease scenarios, the majority of those seen in tumours are pro-tumoral and aid tumour cells in evading host immune responses.

Monocyte-derived cells, on the other hand, are frequently pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and mostly directed against self-antigens within atherosclerotic plaques.

 As a result, cancer immunotherapies aim to boost the immune response to tumour antigens, whereas treatments for atherosclerosis aim to reduce the immune response to lipid antigens.

Conclusion

T-helper cells are attacked by the HIV virus, which disables the body’s ability to fight infections.

B and T lymphocytes make up about 20-25 percent of white blood cells.

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells are the three types of lymphocytes (NK cells). Their structure and function are distinct. 

 T cells migrate to the thymus and mature there, while B cells mature in the bone marrow. These cells are physically similar and have a role in an organism’s adaptive immune response.