Process of Neural Communication

It comprises the following systems: The nervous system, in conjunction with the endocrine system, works together to coordinate and integrate all of the functions of the organs, as well as to regulate physiological processes, allowing them to operate in synchronised fashion. Regulation by the endocrine system is rather sluggish and long-lasting, whereas the neurological system responds quickly but only for a short period of time.

Nervous SystemTypes 

There are several types of nervous systems. The human nervous system is divided into two sections:

1. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a region where received information is processed and integrated in order for effectors to perform an action or respond appropriately.

2. The Brain and Spinal Cord- The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of the following parts: All of the nerves that are involved with the central nervous system. There are two different types of nerves in the body.

3. Afferent nerve fibres: These fibres convey nerve impulses from organs or tissues to the central nervous system.

4. Efferent nerve fibres: These nerve fibres are responsible for transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to peripheral organs or tissues.

5. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is classified into two categories based on the organs or tissues to which the nerve impulse is transmitted. 

6. The somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.

7. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscles and involuntary organs of the body.

8. Neuron is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system that is found in the brain.

9. Neurons are responsible for receiving stimuli and transmitting brain messages. The neuron is a highly specialised cell that transmits electrical signals, known as nerve impulses or action potentials, to other cells in its vicinity.

Neurons

The Neuron’s Major Components

1. Cell body consists of the cytoplasm, which contains the nucleus, cell organelles, and Nissl’s granules. The cell body is responsible for integrating incoming signals.

2. Cell body dendrites are short, highly branching fibres that extend outwardly from the cell body. They have been specially trained to receive stimuli and signals and transmit them to the cell body.

3. The axon is a single long fibre that is forked at the ends. The axon is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the cell body to another neuron, muscle, or gland.

4. A synaptic knob is found at the end of an axon terminal. It is the synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters, chemicals that transfer messages from one neuron to another, or from a neuron to a muscle or gland, that are responsible for the function of the synaptic knob. A synapse is a connection between a synaptic terminal and another neuron or effector that allows communication to take place.

5. Depending on the amount of axons and dendrites present in a neuron, it can be classified into three types: sensory, motor, and inhibitory. These are the ones:

6. Multipolarity refers to the presence of one axon and two or more dendrites. It can be found in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

7. It is bipolar in that it contains only one axon and one dendrite. It can be found in the retina of the eye, where it functions as a light sensor.

8. It is unipolar, meaning that it only has one axon. It can be discovered during the embryonic stage.

9. Sheath of myelin: Axons of many neurons are surrounded by a sequence of cells known as Schwann cells, which help to protect them. Myelin, a white fatty substance found in the plasma membrane of these cells, is found in the cell membrane. In order to form an insulating covering around the axon, Schwann cells wrap their plasma membrane around it. This is known as the myelin sheath. Nodes of Ranvier are holes in the myelin sheath that allow nerve signals to pass through.

Communication in the Nervous System

An animal is subjected to thousands of stimuli at the same time. The ability to recognise and respond to these cues efficiently is critical to one’s survival. The brain communication processes Transmission: Transmission is the process of transferring signals from one neuron to another, or from one neuron to muscles or glands, in order to communicate with them. Integration: Integration is the process of categorising and processing incoming sensory information in order to determine the most appropriate reaction.

The actual response of muscles or glands to a stimulus is referred to as action or response.

Conclusion

Neural systems in the majority of animals are divided into four categories. Regardless of whether a stimulus is external or internal in origin, information must be received, transported to the central nervous system, processed and transmitted to muscle or glands in order to carry out some activity the actual response to the stimulus. Neurons or sensory receptors found in sensory organs such as the skin, eyes, and ears, among other places, are responsible for the act of receiving a stimulus (or stimuli).