Other Excretory Products

The removal of waste products from the body is referred to as excretion. Waste products are synthesised within cells as a result of metabolic activity. Excretion is a necessary function in all forms of life, including humans. A waste product is discharged through the surface of the cell wall of a single-celled organism. Stomata, or pores on the surface of the leaf, are responsible for gas elimination in higher plants. Multicellular animals have excretory organs that are distinct from other animals.

The three most common nitrogenous waste products excreted by animals are urea, ammonium nitrate, and uric acid. Animals are divided into three groups based on the excretory products they produce: ammonotelic, ureotelic, and uricotelic. Ammonia excretion is greater in ammonotelic animals than in ureotelic animals (described later)

THE BODY’S EXCRETORY ORGANS

The kidney is the primary excretory organ in humans (which will be discussed later), and the lung, liver, skin (sebaceous gland), and intestine are the accessory excretory organs.

Daily, our lungs remove large amounts of CO2 (18 litres/day) as well as significant amounts of water from our bodies.

Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which is responsible for the elimination of certain substances such as sterols, hydrocarbons, and waxes. This secretion coats the skin in an oily layer that acts as a barrier to the environment.

The intestine – The epithelial cells of the colon (large intestine) excrete excess calcium, magnesium, and iron salts along with faeces from the digestive tract.

Protonephridia, nephridia, malpighian tubules, antennal glands, and other similar structures are excretory organs in other animals.

Protonephridia, also known as flame cells, are excretory structures found in a variety of organisms including Platyhelminthes (flatworms such as Planaria), rotifers, some annelids, and the cephalochordate Amphioxus. Protonephridia are primarily concerned with the regulation of ionic and fluid volume in their environment, also known as osmoregulation.

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND EXCRETORY MODELS OF OPERATION

AMINO ACIDS ARE A SUBTYPE OF AMINO ACIDS: These are the byproducts of protein digestion that enter the bloodstream via the small intestine.

• Certain invertebrates, such as molluscs (such as the Unio and Limnae families) and echinoderms, excrete extra amino acids (such as the Asterias family). This process is referred to as aminonotelic excretion, also known as aminotelism.
• Ammonia (NH4+ or NH3) is produced as the first metabolic waste during the protein synthesis process.
• In the majority of animals, excess amino acids are deaminated, or degraded, resulting in the formation of keto and ammonia groups. The keto groups are used in the catabolism process to produce ATP, whereas ammonia is excreted in various forms.
• This type of excretion is known as ammonotelic excretion or ammonotelism.
• This is less toxic and less soluble in water than ammonia. As a result, it can stay in the body for a long time.
• The normal urea level in the blood is 18-38 mg/100 mL.
• URIC ACID is a naturally occurring acid in the body.
• Uric acid crystals are almost completely insoluble in water, in addition to being non-toxic. As a result, these substances can stay in the body for an extended period before being excreted.
• Uric acid is the most common nitrogenous excretory product discharged in solid form (pellet or paste). Uricotelic excretion, also known as uricotelism, is another name for this excretion.

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The excretory system is made up of the tissues and organs that are involved in waste removal (a process known as excretion). This system, which consists of several structures, is in charge of the synthesis, separation, and elimination of waste products, primarily nitrogenous waste products and other mineral salts.

KIDNEY

• Kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped excretory and homeostatic organ that functions as an excretory and homeostatic organ.
• These are located in the abdominal cavity’s inner wall on either side of the dorsal aorta.
• A typical kidney measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, and 2-3 cm in thickness, and weighs 120-170 g. It measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, and 2-3 cm in thickness.
• The peritoneum protects it on the ventral side (peritoneum).
• The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to asymmetry within the abdominal cavity caused by the liver.

URETERS

• Ureters are narrow tubes that start as a pelvis within the kidney and open into a common urinary bladder that exits to the outside world via the urethra.
• The ureter goes through a process known as peristalsis while passing urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder, which prevents urine from returning to the kidney.
• A type of bladder is the URINARY BLADDER.
• The urinary bladder is a sac-like structure that temporarily stores urine.
• The body and the trigon are the two parts of the urinary bladder.
• The body is made up of involuntary muscles known as detrusor muscles, and the trigon is a triangular component.
• There are two sphincters on the lower end of the trigon: the Internal Sphincter, which is made of unstriated muscles, and the External Sphincter, which is made of striated muscles.
• The external sphincter is a striated muscle found on the outside of the body.
• A tube connects the lower part of the urinary bladder to the urethra.

CONCLUSION:

As a result, we can conclude that every living organism on Earth eliminates waste from their bodies and other sources of excess waste in various ways. Excretion is a necessary process in all living organisms, including plants, animals, birds, insects, and single-celled organisms. All living organisms, including plants, animals, birds, insects, and unicellular organisms, engage in it.