Difference Between m-RNA t-RNA and r-RNA

The three major types of RNA found in cells are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule made up of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. In all RNA nucleotides, the pentose sugar is the ribose. Transcription produces RNA with the help of the RNA polymerase enzyme. Though the functions of each RNA type vary greatly, all three RNA types are primarily involved in protein synthesis. The primary distinction between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA is that mRNA carries the coding instructions of a protein’s amino acid sequence, whereas tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome to form the polypeptide chain, and rRNA is associated with proteins to form ribosomes.

Difference between m-RNA t-RNA and r-RNA

The primary distinction between mRNA and tRNA is that mRNA carries the genetic information of a gene to produce a protein, whereas tRNA recognises the three nucleotide mRNA sequences or codons and transports amino acids to ribosomes based on the mRNA codons.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are nucleotide-based macromolecules. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is in charge of transmitting genetic information from generation to generation, whereas Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is primarily involved in protein synthesis. Although most living organisms have DNA as their primary genetic material, some viruses have RNA genomes. Ribonucleotides are RNA monomers. Ribonucleotide is made up of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

mRNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules transport a gene’s transcript, which encodes for a specific functional protein, from the nucleus to the ribosomes.The process by which mRNA is produced is known as transcription. The enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA molecules in eukaryotes are processed to form mature RNA molecules via post-transcriptional modifications. 

Pre-mRNA processing includes the addition of a 5′ cap, editing, and polyadenylation. To the front of the 5′ end, a 7-methylguanosine cap is added. Editing the sequence allows for some changes to the mRNA sequence. A poly(A) tail with approximately 250 adenosine residues is added to the 3′ end of the mRNA molecule to protect it from exonuclease degradation.

Alternative splicing is another method in which different exon combinations are spliced together to produce multiple types of proteins from a single pre-mRNA molecule. After translation, prokaryotic mRNA can only produce one type of protein.

tRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of major RNA that is responsible for transporting amino acids to ribosomes during translation. The anticodon of the tRNA reads each codon in the mRNA molecule to bring the specific amino acid to the ribosome. A tRNA molecule is typically made up of 76 to 90 RNA nucleotides. The secondary structure of tRNA is shaped like a clover leaf. It is made up of four loop structures called D-loops, anticodon loops, variable loops, and T-loops. The anticodon loop is made up of a single anticodon that scans the complement codon in the mRNA molecule.

A tRNA molecule also has an acceptor stem, which has a 5′ terminal phosphate group. At the end of the acceptor stem, the amino acid is loaded into the CCA tail. The wobble base pairing method allows some anticodons to form base pairs with multiple codons.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of major RNA that, along with ribosomal proteins, is involved in the formation of ribosomes. The ribosome is the cell’s protein-synthesis organelle, converting the coding sequence on an mRNA molecule into a polypeptide chain. The nucleolus is where rRNA is synthesised. Small rRNA and large rRNA are the two types of rRNA molecules that are synthesised. Both rRNA molecules join together with ribosomal proteins to form a small and large subunit. The ribozyme that catalyses the formation of peptide bonds is the large subunit of rRNA. 

During translation, the small and large subunits combine to form the ribosome. The small and large subunits sandwich the mRNA molecule.Each ribosome is made up of three binding sites for tRNA molecules. They are classified as A, P, and E sites. The aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site. A specific amino acid is found in aminoacyl-tRNA. The aminoacyl-tRNA molecule is attached to the growing polypeptide chain at the P site. The aminoacyl-tRNA molecule then moves to the E site.

Conclusion

The primary distinction between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA is that mRNA carries the coding instructions of a protein’s amino acid sequence, whereas tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome to form the polypeptide chain, and rRNA is associated with proteins to form ribosomes. The anticodon of the tRNA reads each codon in the mRNA molecule to bring the specific amino acid to the ribosome. A tRNA molecule is typically made up of 76 to 90 RNA nucleotides. The anticodon loop is made up of a single anticodon that scans the complement codon in the mRNA molecule. At the end of the acceptor stem, the amino acid is loaded into the CCA tail. Ribosomal RNA is a type of major RNA that, along with ribosomal proteins, is involved in the formation of ribosomes.