Cellular Components

Every component is made up of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells are the minute structure. The millions and billions of cells together make up the body. These cells contain organelles that run the function of a cell. These structures are called cellular components. These components run the cell. 

Cellular components are complex biomolecules. The cellular components contain macro or big molecules which are nucleic acid and protein. Complex molecules that do biological processes, such as ribosomes, membranes, and cell organelles. The cellular components are present inside the cell and some are found outside the cell. They are also known as biological matter or material. These components work with coordination to perform cell functions. 

Components of prokaryotic cells

They are simple cells that are found in single-celled organisms. The components of a prokaryotic cell are Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and Ribosome.

• Plasma Membrane: It is also called the cell membrane. It is composed of bilayer lipids that surround the cytoplasm of the cell. This membrane protects the cell from the outer environment. It controls the entry and exit to and from the cells. It is a semipermeable membrane. Protein and lipids are found on the cell membrane, the proteins present in the cell membrane contact with other cells, send signals, and communicate.
• Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is a semi-liquid, jelly-like fluid present inside the cell. All cell organelles are present in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is composed of water, salts, and proteins. It helps the organs to fuse properly, and the growth and replication of the cell is carried out in the cytoplasm.
• Genetic material: DNA is the genetic material present in prokaryotic cells. It is present in the nucleoid region of the cell in the form of circular. It gives instructions to the cell for the synthesis of protein. Furthermore, it also performs the regulation of the cell.
• Ribosomes: Ribosomes are small sphere structures that are scattered in the prokaryotic cell. Ribosomes help in protein synthesis in the cell. 
•  Glycocalyx envelop: Most prokaryotic cells, particularly the bacterial cells, have a chemically complex cell envelope. The cell envelope consists of a tightly bound three-layered structure i.e., the outermost glycocalyx followed by the cell wall and then the plasma membrane

Some prokaryotic cells contain flagellum and pili too.

• Flagellum: The flagellum is the long, thin thread-like structure that helps in locomotion and finding food from the cell. 
• Pili: These are short, thin, and tiny thread-like structural growths found attached to the bacterial and other cells.

Components of eukaryotic cells 

Eukaryotic cells are found in higher organisms that perform many complex functions. These cells are more developed than prokaryotic cells. It contains membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus that controls the function of the cell. 

The components of the eukaryotic cell are the nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cell membrane, and cytoplasm 

• Nucleus: · Nucleus is a double membrane bound dense protoplasmic body, which controls all cellular metabolism and encloses the genetic information of a cell”.  Nucleus is considered as controller or director of a cell. Importance of nucleus in control of heredity, growth and metabolism was experimentally proved by Hammering.

   Cell organelles: The living structures present in cytoplasm are called cell organelles.

      (i)  Golgi Body                      (ii) Endoplasmic reticulum

      (iii)  Mitochondria                 (iv)  Ribosome

      (v) Lysosome                      (vi)   Plastids

      (vii) Centrosome                      (viii)  Vacuole

      (ix) Peroxisome

There are membrane-bound cell organelles present inside the cell. These are mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

• The cytoplasm: It is a thick solution made up of water, salts, and proteins filled in the cell space which is enclosed by the cell membrane.
• Cell membrane: It is the membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It regulates the in and out of the various components present outside the cell. It states that a plasma membrane is a lipoproteins and trilaminar membrane in which outer and inner layers are formed of globular protein molecules. This protein moves as icebergs in a bilayer of phospholipids which acts as a sea.

Conclusion

There are 2 types of cells present prokaryotic, the primitive type of cell, and the eukaryotic cell, the advanced cell. The cell performs all the functions of the organisms. The cell needs many cellular components to perform complex work. These components work together in the cell. The main components of the cell are the cell membranes which protect the cell, nucleus which is round present in the centre which instructs the cell. Cytoplasm, which is jelly-like filled in the cell, and the genetic material, which helps in protein synthesis in the cell. Besides them, there are cellular organelles present in the cell.  The nucleus of the cell is present in the centre of the cell, It contains the genetic material of the cell and manages the function of the cell.