Biocatalyst property

Biocatalysis is the metabolic transformation of chemicals for producing new chemicals for industrial uses. It has become a vital part of modern organic synthesis, which is applicable in academia and pharmaceutical industries. The factor that skyrocketed the success of the Biocatalyst property was the expansion of the range of chemical reactions which are also accessible. This is made possible with the duo of thoughtful evolution in laboratories and advanced tools for enzyme discovery. 

Due to the factors mentioned above, a wide range of custom-made enzymes can be produced in any quantity, which will also have a database and search tool, making these accessible to the broader scientific community. I would like to mention the recent advancements such as de novo design and directed evolution. The general concepts will be explained later in the article. 

Property of Biocatalysis  

The basic Biocatalyst property is comprised of different types of enzymes. These enzymes have been used for a long time in various chemical reactions. In recent times the use of proteins as catalysts has increased. This is done for the chemical synthesis of more complex molecules. These enzymes, which are part of the Biocatalysis property, are very powerful because they can merge the advantages of a directing group and a catalyst in a single region. This enzyme can also be used with other enzymes to make a one-pot reaction. 

In the last 20 years, the combined synthetic and enzymatic systems have led us to achieve multiple total synthesis endeavours. This is the reason why the use of enzymes is becoming so common in chemistry group industries. Not so long ago, only a few numbers of Biocatalyst properties (enzymes) such as lipases/Keto reductases were available for chemical reactions. We should note that the growth of potential sources of enzymes has been accelerated, resulting in a very diverse toolkit of enzymes available to scientific researchers. 

According to the principles of retrosynthesis, when the target molecule is transformed into a simple forerunner by breaking the bonds that can be formed from synthetic transformations. Bio-retrosynthesis generally involves the design of an artificial enzyme cascade, a synthetic biochemical pathway. This can offer a possible route toward the desired target molecule if you choose enzymes as catalysts for the required chemistry.  

Application of Biocatalysis

The Biocatalyst property (enzymes) should always show high activity; it must be under the desired industrial condition to get high reaction productivity. Chemically heterogeneous catalysts are often challenging rivals for biocatalysts in terms of productivity, which generally reach the production rates of 1–10 and 0.001–0.3 kg l–1 h–1. High productivity rates of 50–100 g l–1 h–1 are achieved using free-resting Rhodococcus cells that contain nitrile hydratase to synthesize acrylamide. 

It is considered to be one of the most successful industrial biocatalytic processes. We should note that acrylamide is often used to produce polyacrylamide. It is usually used in oil exploitation, water treatment, etc. The broad market of acrylamide and the lack of an efficient chemical process for its production have skyrocketed the improvement of the biocatalytic process in the last few years. The selection and the optimization of a tough microbial host for nitrile hydratase were very instrumental in preventing enzyme inactivation.

In a recent test of IRED, high productivity was achieved. The test was a commercial one, and it was available in the various reaction conditions at the pilot plant scale. We should note that this testing was facilitated by a design of experiments theory.

Limitations and optimisations of Biocatalysis

1. Cost/availability- We know how the price of a product can dictate its success or failure in the market. In the same way, the price of the Biocatalyst property (enzymes) can influence the possibility of an industrial process in the synthesis of low-priced goods. If the price of the enzymes becomes too high, then no one would use it for the synthesis low priced goods, but for the good of the customers and the manufacturers, there are enzymes in the market which are very low prized, like Prozomix, Almac, Codexis and Gecco. 
2. Expanding its range- The synthetic utility of the transformation afforded by these enzymes often encourages the continued efforts to find solutions and realize the potential of these biocatalysts for large-scale manufacture. 
3. Speeding it up in the medicine/drug industry, the speeding up of the drug development process is very important so that ample amounts of medicine can be prepared and shipped to the patients who need them. This can maximize patent lifetimes for approved drugs.  

Conclusion 

The method of the metabolic transformation of chemicals for producing other chemicals for industrial use is known as Biocatalysis. It is very important in the pharmaceutical industry for organic synthesis. The thing that led to the boom of the Biocatalyst property is expanding the range of chemical reactions. We should note that enzymes are the basic part of the Biocatalyst property. It’s been a long time since these enzymes have been so widely used. Only a few years ago, there was not enough production of enzymes, but now there are enough of them to be used in different industries. 

The principles of retrosynthesis state that the target molecule is transformed into a simple forerunner by breaking the bonds formed from synthetic transformations, which leads to the design of an enzyme cascade. The enzymes should always show high activity to get high reaction productivity under the desired industrial conditions. The price of the enzymes can decide if it will be a success or failure, but there are many less costly options in the market too.