Adrenal Gland Hormones

The adrenal organ is divided into two sections: the cortex and the medulla. The cortex is the exterior part of the organ; it generates two chemicals: cortisol and aldosterone. Meanwhile, the medulla is located within the organ and generates adrenaline and noradrenaline.

The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines. Catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline, and trace amounts of dopamine.

The three hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are:

• Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid.

• Glucocorticoid, mostly known as cortisol, is linked to the immune system’s response to illness and also aids in the managing body’s digestive process.

• Adrenal androgens are male sex compounds consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone.

Various zones of the adrenal cortex discharge different hormones. The key chemicals produced by the adrenal cortex include:

Cortisol

• Glucocorticoids are hormones released by the zona fasciculata and serve vital functions in the body. 

• A healthy diet manages the body’s utilisation of fats, proteins, and starch; soothes inflammation; directs circulation; increases glucose, and caters to bone development.

• In addition, this hormone influences the sleep/wake cycle. It gives the body a lot of energy during stressful periods and helps you deal with crises better.

How do adrenal glands function to produce cortisol?

The adrenal glands release chemicals to respond to signals from the pituitary organ in the brain, which respond to motions from the nerve centre located in the brain. It is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal organ when the following conditions are met:

• Corticotropin-delivering chemical (CRH) produced by the nerve centre causes the pituitary brain stem to release adrenocorticotropin chemical (ACTH).

• When ACTH becomes active, it invigorates adrenal glands so that cortisol chemicals can be made and delivered to the bloodstream.

• In most cases, both the nerve centre and the pituitary organ can detect whether the blood has the proper amount of cortisol circulating. When cortisol levels are excessive or low, this organ can change how much CRH and ACTH is released. This is known as negative feedback.

• There can be excess cortisol production due to knobs in the adrenal organ or overproduction of ACTH due to a growth in the pituitary organ.

Aldosterone

• Mineralocorticoids are produced by the zona glomerulosa and play a pivotal role in controlling pulse and certain electrolyte levels (sodium and potassium). 

• Aldosterone conveys messages to the kidneys, causing the kidneys to retain more sodium and release potassium through urine.

• Thus, aldosterone also regulates the blood pH by controlling the electrolyte concentrations.

DHEA and Androgenic Steroids

• The zona reticularis produces weak male hormones. Hormones are transformed from antecedent hormones into female hormones in the ovaries and male hormones in the testicles. 
• However, the ovaries and testes produce greater amounts of oestrogens and androgens.
• The adrenal medulla, an inward portion of an adrenal organ, controls chemicals that trigger flight or battle reactions. 
• The primary chemicals released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), both of which have comparable actions.
• These hormones can also expand the pulse and power of the heart, expand the blood supply to the muscles and mind, loosen up the smooth muscles of the arteries, and aid in glucose digestion. They additionally control the constriction of veins (vasoconstriction) and the rise and fall of the pulse during stressful conditions.
• Like some other chemicals released by the adrenal organs, epinephrine and norepinephrine are regularly released in truly critical circumstances, when the body needs more resources and energy to get through unexpected difficulties.

Mineralocorticoids

• Mineralocorticoid aldosterone is produced in the most distant layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. 
• A renal pathway is fundamentally responsible for aldosterone discharge. Reduced blood vessel pressure and low serum sodium concentration are detected by the juxtaglomerular device as well as the macula densa separately. 
• This results in the creation and arrival of renin, which triggers the release of angiotensin I. 
• Angiotensin-changing over a catalyst (ACE) changes the majority of angiotensin I into angiotensin II inside the lungs. 
• Angiotensin II activates aldosterone release. The direct effects of ACTH and a raised serum potassium level have less impact on aldosterone emission. With maturation, aldosterone production declines.

Glucocorticoid

• Zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) are responsible for glucocorticoid production. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pivot controls cortisol production.
• The hypothalamic corticotropin-delivering chemical (CRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which activates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. 
• When cortisol fixation reaches the physiological range of 15-20 g/dl, it exerts a negative influence on both the nerve centre and the front pituitary gland.  
• Likewise, the release of androgen from the adrenal cortex is controlled by ACTH, whereas the arrival of testosterone and oestrogen at the gonads is controlled by the pituitary-gonadotropic system. 
• Androgen production peaks during adolescence and dynamically declines with age.

Conclusion

Adrenal hyperactivity or hypoactivity is a rare condition in which the adrenal glands are either overactive or underactive. Glucocorticoid-related disorders such as Addison’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome are caused by these hormones. The adrenal medulla, which is made up of neural tissue, secretes two hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine. The release of these two hormones is stimulated by sympathetic nerve stimulation, which occurs primarily in stressful situations. The absence of hormones from the adrenal medulla has no significant effects. Sympathetic responses are prolonged or continuous when there is hypersecretion, which is usually caused by a tumour.