ADP Full Form

The full form of ADP is determined as adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate is an organic compound that is produced during the metabolism of the body. The fundamental role of ADP is the flow of energy throughout the cell to maintain the biological system. The basic structure of ADP consists of a sugar backbone, a phosphate compound, and adenine. These elements are interconnected with each other in a definite pattern to constitute the basic structure of the ADP. The IUPAC name of the ADP is Adenosine 5’- (trihydrogen diphosphates). ADP plays an effective role in biological functions, like catabolism, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, etc. TGP can be further synthesised into Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Adenosine Diphosphate:

Adenosine Diphosphate is a chemical compound that is produced due to the metabolism action taking place within the body. It is an important compound that is necessary for the flow of energy throughout a living organism. It is responsible for several biological functions taking place within a cell. The basic structure of ADP consists of a sugar backbone that is bonded with adenine and two phosphate groups, which are attached to 5’ carbon atoms of ribose. Overall, the structure of ATP consists of 3 components, a sugar backbone, phosphate group, and adenine. Moreover, ADP can be converted into a molecular compound with an alternative number of phosphate groups, such as adenosine triphosphate and adenosine monophosphate.

Terminology:

The term Adenosine Diphosphate is called ADP, because of the recombination of the phosphate group. The basic property of ADP is the transfer of energy from one cell to another cell. However, during this energy transfer process, the recombination of phosphate groups takes place. The energy is released from the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under hydrolysis. In hydrolysis, the phosphate group, also called the phosphoanhydride bond of adenosine triphosphate, is broken to remove one phosphate group, leading to the formation of adenosine diphosphate. Therefore, the ATP is converted into ADP, releasing a certain amount of energy which is transferred from one molecule to another for the completion of several biological functions.

Relation between ATP and ADP:

ADP is a molecular compound formed due to the synthesis action of (ATP) adenosine triphosphate. ATP goes under hydrolysis in the presence of a catalyst, leading to the breakdown of a phosphate group. Therefore, removing one phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate leads to the production of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This reaction leads to the production of a certain amount of energy, which is used to transfer energy between one cell and another for the completion of several biological functions. Moreover, ATP can be further synthesised into adenosine monophosphate due to the removal of more than one phosphate group. The reaction of breaking down the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation.

Energy Transfer:

Adenosine diphosphate is known for its basic feature of transferring energy from one cell to another cell. ADP has a basic structure consisting of two phosphate groups. Therefore, energy production is taking place due to the dephosphorylation of ATP. This process of dephosphorylation of ATP is caused under the influence of several enzymes that are called ATPases. During the energy release, metabolic reactions take place, which causes the reformation of ADP.

Functions of ADP:

ADP is already known for its basic function of the transfer of energy from one cell to another for the synthesis of several biological functions. However, it leads to several other functions, which includes,

1. Oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidative Phosphorylation basically occurs in mitochondria in the presence of oxygen. This process is categorised with the respiratory chain, in which a phosphate group is combined with adenosine diphosphate to produce adenosine triphosphate. This combination, under the influence of ATPase enzymes, leads to producing a certain amount of energy.

2. Muscle contraction: The muscle contraction is caused due to the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate. The hydrolysis releases a phosphate group, which leads to the breakdown of the head of the myosin, causing muscular contraction.

3. Formation of creatine phosphate: The creatine phosphate is produced by the synthesis action of ADP under the influence of the catalyst, Creatine Kinase. Creatine phosphate, also known as phosphocreatine, is a chemical compound infused with a tremendous amount of energy.

4. Glycolysis: Glycolysis is a chemical reaction that converts glucose into pyruvic acid. This breakdown of glucose releases a tremendous amount of energy. However, the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is required for starting the glycolysis reaction.

Conclusion:

ADP stands for adenosine die for speed, a molecular compound responsible for transferring energy from one cell to another. This energy transfer leads to the progress of several biological functions in our living organisms. However, this energy is produced by the hydrolysis reaction between ATP and ADP in the presence of a catalyst called ATPase. The reaction for the production of energy is called dephosphorylation, in which one or more phosphate groups are broken down and removed from the compound. ADP is also responsible for several other biological features, including oxidative phosphorylation, muscle contraction, formation of creatine phosphate, glycolysis, catabolism, etc.