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Let us start our brief discussion on the distinction between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription by looking at the meaning of transcription, in the world of Biology. It is something that we usually do in our daily lives; therefore, our cells are also capable of doing this. It is the first step of Gene Expression. Transcription is the process through which the segments of DNA are copied into the RNA of a body. The DNAs are used as a template for making RNA molecules. This process is controlled differently for each gene in the genome of a body. The principal goal of Transcription is copying Gene Sequences. This process takes place in the nucleus of the Eukaryotes and the Cytoplasm of the Prokaryotes. It is the process through which various information is rewritten in a gene sequence.
In Biology, the Transcription process takes place in three stages. These stages are Initiation, Elongation, and Termination. As the name suggests, Initiation is the starting of the process of transcription. In this stage, the RNA polymerase joins the promoter. The promoter is found at the beginning of the gene. The task of the templates of the RNA Polymerase is played by the DNA, in the stage of Elongation. In this stage, it reads the templates one at a time, making complementary nucleotides and the chain grows from five to three. The last stage of transcription is the stage of termination. In this stage, a sequence known as the “terminators” indicates the completion of the RNA transcription. As soon as the indication is passed the RNA Polymerase is released.
Now, let us move to the process of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Transcription in Biology.
Eukaryotic Transcription
The process of transcription in Eukaryotes initiates in the Nucleus. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm, where the process of translation takes place. The process of Eukaryotic transcription includes three stages. These stages are- initiation, elongation, and termination. The initiation stage of the Eukaryotic transcription is complex, compared to other stages of transcription. In addition, the stage of termination has no stem-loop figures or relations. The process of transcription carries three enzymes. These enzymes are- RNA Polymerases I, RNA Polymerases II, and RNA Polymerases III. Each one of these Eukaryotic Enzymes includes twelve or more subunits and these are huge complex enzymes.
Prokaryotic Transcription
The process of transcription in Prokaryotes initiates in the Cytoplasm. RNA processing is not required in Prokaryotes. This is because the structural gene in prokaryotes is polycistronic in nature. This process of transcription is also known as Bacterial transcription. Here, a portion of the bacterial DNA is copied to a newly synthesized thread of mRNA. This is later converted for producing proteins with the help of the RNA Polymerase Enzymes. This process takes place in three stages. These stages are- Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.
Let us look at the difference between these two transcriptions in the field of Biology.
Difference
| Eukaryotic Transcription | Prokaryotic Transcription |
| Eukaryotic Transcription takes place inside of the Nucleus. | Prokaryotic Transcription takes place in the Cytoplasm. |
| In eukaryotic Transcription, combinational translation and transcription are not possible. | In Prokaryotic Transcription, combinational translation and transcription are possible. |
| In Eukaryotic Transcription, proteins known as Transcriptional factors are needed. | In Prokaryotic Transcription, no such proteins are needed. |
| The process of transcription carries three enzymes. These enzymes are- RNA Polymerases I, RNA Polymerases II and RNA Polymerases III. | The process of transcription carries just one enzyme. This enzyme synthesises all other types of RNA. |
| This process includes five polypeptides. | This process includes ten to fifteen polypeptides. |
Conclusion
Transcription is the first step of Gene Expression. Transcription is the process through which the segments of DNA are copied into the RNA of a body. DNAs are used as a template for making RNA molecules. The prokaryotes and the eukaryotes hold similar procedures of transcription. The transcription process takes place in three stages. These stages are initiation, elongation, and termination. The process of transcription in eukaryotes initiates in the nucleus. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm, where the process of translation takes place. The process of transcription in prokaryotes initiates in the cytoplasm. RNA processing is not required in prokaryotes. This is because the structural gene in prokaryotes is polycistronic in nature. This process of transcription is also known as bacterial transcription.
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