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Introduction
The Tughlaqs belonged to a Muslim family originating from Turkey Origin. When Mohammad Bin Tughlaq launched a military campaign, between AD 1330 and 1335, the dynasty achieved its pinnacle. Torture, cruelty, and rebellions characterised the dynasty’s authority, which resulted in the dynasty’s territorial reach rapidly disintegrating after 1335 AD.
There were many rulers who came during the Tughlaq Dynasty. Of all the rulers, three were considered to be the most competent. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq and Mohammad bin Tughlaq were the three. They became quite prominent during their reign and thus they constituted the whole of the dynasty.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Ghiyas-ud-din commonly known as Tughluq Shah, is known to be the founder and creator of Tughlaq Dynasty. He was appointed as the governor of Dipalpor in Punjab by Allaudin Khilji. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq’s reign involves the crushing of the Warangal uprising. Pratap Rudra deva of Warangal had acknowledged Allaudin Khilji’s overlordship and promised to pay an annual tribute. He overlooked this after Allaudin Khilji’s death. Juna Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din’s son was dispatched to conquer Warangal. Rudra Pratap Deva was defeated in 1323 AD. Sultanpur was renamed Warangal and annexed to Delhi.
He was responsible for placing different norms and rules for the people. For the sake of impressing Muslim nobles, he brought into place the laws of Shariat. He reduced the cost of land revenue, making the farmer community immensely happy.
His death wasn’t a natural death. He died an accidental death after the collapse of the wooden palace of Tughlakabad. He built the fort of Tughlaqabad in Delhi.
Some historians believe he died as a result of a plot devised by his son Jauna Khan because the pavilion was built by the royal architect (Mir Imard) Ahmad.
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
In 1325 AD, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq ascended to the throne. Mohammad-bin-Tughluq implemented a number of reforms during his reign. The experiments Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq conducted with his administrative concepts are notable. His capital was moved from Delhi to Daulatabad, formerly known as Devagiri. The troops, officials, servants, tradesmen, court, and people were all relocated as part of this capital relocation. This was a source of considerable suffering for those who were subjected to it.
His rule was tarnished by the introduction of token currency. The value of currency fell as a result of widespread circulation of copper coins and disappearance of silver and gold coins. Copper coins depreciated in value. To combat this, the Sultan ordered that silver coinage be exchanged for copper coins.
As a result, people received a lot of silver coins and a lot of copper coins. The failure in Doab was due to the taxation that arose from the conditions of an empty treasury and the scheme that was implemented in a haphazard manner. The conquest of Khorasan, which necessitated a large army, and the subsequent disbandment of that army was an act of instability.
He was one of the most well-versed academics of his day. He was fluent in Arabic and Persian, as well as philosophy, astronomy, logic, mathematics, and physical science.
The Sultan maintained cordial relations with foreign rulers and even received an ambassador from the Chinese emperor.
Toghan Timur (AD 1341), who came to request permission to rebuild Buddhist monasteries which were destroyed during the critical expedition in the Himalayan region.
Khurasan was a Central Asian city. The kingdom of Khurasan was undergoing a period of political unrest. In Khurasan and Iraq, a civil war had broken out. Sultan Mohammad Bin Tughlaq ordered the expedition as Khuraani Nobel took refuge at his court and started influencing him through flattery. The Nobel honored Sultan beyond reality for his Nobel gifts and privileges. The Sultan was swayed by them and plotted the expansion of Khurasan.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
In the year 1351 AD, Firoz Tughlaq became Sultan. Despite the fact that the monarchy had been a long-held ambition for many, Firoz Tughlaq did little to develop the empire he inherited. As a result of his military weakness, he lost control of his territories. In his endeavor to reclaim Bengal, he was unsuccessful. He stormed Jajnagar in 1360 with the intention of destroying the Jagannath Puri shrine. He was successful in his trip to Sindh in 1326 AD; prior to that, he launched an invasion to Nagarkot with the goal of destroying the Jwalamukhi temple. People of other religions were not tolerated by the Sultan. He reinstated the Jagirdari system, which Allaudin Khilji had abolished.
All of these initiatives had a positive impact on the empire’s financial situation. Firoz Tughluq also made reforms in the irrigation sector. He built dams, tanks, and wells, among other things, and he also built structures with architectural skill. This demonstrates his understanding of public utility. Firoz Tughluq was also a supporter of education. He overhauled the monetary system.
Conclusion
There were many reforms introduced during the reign of Firoz Shah, Mohammad Bin, and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. All three of the rulers wanted to bring about various impacts during their reign. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq’s reign was considered to be quite controversial because of the reforms that he brought into the system. People rejected his new reforms. When he shifted his Sultanate, it incurred huge losses. Out of all three, Firoz Shah’s reign was considered to be the most successful one. Ghiyasuddin was considered a quite intelligent and noble ruler.
