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The eruption of lava from the internal part of the Earth is known as Volcanism. It is caused due to the internal heat of the Earth. Volcanism is responsible for the formation of the mantle of the Earth. The mantle is the secondary crust of the Earth. The volcanic eruption is caused due to different reasons such as the magma’s interaction with water, magma being light in weight erupts, and others.
Causes of Volcanism
The temperature inside the Earth is high that causing the rocks to get molten. The rock when molten and converted into the liquid forms the volume of the substance increases. The molten substance is light in weight and thin in comparison to the adjoining rocks. The magma that is the molten rock then tends to rise up to the surface of the Earth. Due to the density issue of the magma in the interior of the Earth and the surface of the Earth, the magma comes out of the Earth’s surface.
The interaction of magma with water is another cause of Volcanism. Magma consists of different types of gases and when it comes in contact with water there is an interaction that results in eruption. The pressure of the molten rock when it interacts with water rises and results in eruption.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
There are seven types of volcanic eruptions such as:
Hydrothermal Eruption- This type of eruption is caused due to extreme heat. The Hydrothermal eruption produces a lot of ash and dust but does not have magma. It is a small eruption.
Phreatic Eruption- This type of eruption occurs due to the interaction of the heated magma with water. The water can be from the sea, the surface, the groundwater, or the hydrothermal system. This type of eruption does not include magma; it includes ash and dust particles.
Phreatomagmatic Eruption- This type of volcanic eruption occurs due to the interaction of water and fresh magma and it can turn out to be explosive. The water may be from the sea, groundwater, surface runoff, or hydrothermal system.
Lava- The molten rock that erupts and comes out of the Earth’s surface is known as Lava. Lava can be subdivided into Lava Flows, Lava Fountains, and Lava Domes. The Lava Flow is non-explosive and it erupts very slowly. The Lava Fountain is like a fissure and the Lava Dome is like the small mounds which are formed by thick lava.
Hawaiian and Stromboli an Eruption- This type of eruption is a non-violent one. The Hawaiian eruption consists of fire fountains and the Strombolian one consists of explosions and lava fragments.
Vulcanian Eruptions- This type of eruption is moderately explosive and does not last for long. Bomba and lava blocks may erupt from the gap.
Sub Plinian Eruptions-This type of eruption involves a lot of magma. A lot of gas, ashes, and dust particles along with magma are dispersed. Sub Plinian eruption may go up to a height of 20 km.
Positive and Negative Impact of Volcanic Eruption
The Volcanic eruption can have a positive impact on the Earth. A volcanic eruption can be helpful in adding nutrients to the soil that can increase fertility of the soil. This can result in increasing the quality of the soil thus creating favorable conditions for the growth of crops.
The negative impact of volcanic eruption is global warming caused due to the release of huge fumes, ash, and dust particles. The volcanic eruption that includes magma and explosion can destroy nearby places and kill thousands of people.
Different Volcanic Eruptions
There are multiple deadly volcanoes in the world. A few of them are Mount Vesuvius near Pompeii, Mount Ruiz in Columbia, Mount Pelee in the Caribbean, Mount Krakatoa in Australia, and Mount Tambora in North America. It is stated that apart from these in America a supervolcano can erupt that is situated in Yellowstone National Park.
Formation of Volcano
The rocks inside the Earth melt due to heat and it is called magma. The magma is light in weight and higher in volume than the adjacent rocks. The magma tends to rise up onto the Earth’s surface. The magma tries to come out through the cracks or the weak point of the surface. This increases the pressure inside the earth and when this pressure gets released then the eruption takes place. The eruption can take place because of the Plate-Tectonic movement or the pressure hike due to the magma explosion. The magma when erupts is known as the lava. When the erupted lava cools down it forms a new crust. Several times of eruptions and cooling can result in the building of new volcanoes.
Conclusion
The eruption of the molten rocks from inside the Earth is known as magma. The volcanic eruption happens due to different causes such as the interaction of water with magma, the rise of the molten rock onto the surface of the Earth as it is light in weight, and many others. There are different types of eruptions such as Hydrothermal Eruption, Phreatic Eruption, Lava, and others. Volcanism has an impact on the climate such as global warming and releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The huge dust and fumes released into the atmosphere at times create a shade that gives a cooling effect to the climate and may last for months or years.
