Splicing-Spliceosome

Splicing spliceosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex placed primarily in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells. There are two types of splicing for instance RNA splicing and alternative splicing. Each splicing spliceosome is settled on five nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and protein factors. There are almost 200 proteins in the spliceosome. Splicing spliceosome is regulated through cis-elements and factors of trans-acting splicing for instance SR proteins, hnRNP. RNA splicing illustrates a post-transcriptional mechanism in terms of generating RNA functions. Alternative splicing can be defined as a molecular mechanism to produce different kinds of exons on the same gene. 

Concept of RNA splicing 

RNA splicing is an important process where the noncoding sequence in a premature RNA is removed to make it mature in terms of generating proteins. Introns do not serve the purpose of providing RNA to be transcribed into a single protein where the exons that are the coding sequence as well as essential for the protein formation. Amino acid is an important entity in eukaryotic protein-coding genes where the splicing of exons is a must step for protein formation. In the pre-mRNA, the introns start with 5′ GU and 3′ AU at the end where these factors help the introns to be self-removed with a loop-like structure. 

The reaction of the precursor mRNA with the exons by having hydroxide molecules to the next exons can make the protein segments mature. Nucleotides at the junction of the precursor mRNA play an important role for the intervening introns to be specified within the boundaries of having a coding sequence. Splicing-spliceosomes consist of some individual steps that involve the snRNP, the complexes of sRNA with the help of the U1 factor to identify the junction between the first exon and the intron. This U1 is affixed with the GU that provides a junction of introns to be removed by making a self-loop to an end of them.

In the process of mutation, the bases could have been blocked the way which probably stops the junctions of exons and introns to be removed. In RNA splicing branch point sequences are important where it provides seven nucleotides to the 3′ AU. U1 fixation to the 5′ GU provides the U2 snRNP to be folded as a pattern of having segmented from the exons. The OH to the end of the first exon and the next exon are attached to form the mature RNA with zero interruption of introns to proceed for the protein and amino acid formation.

Concept of Alternative splicing 

Alternative splicing is a biological method responsible for the production of different mRNA molecules from an individual RNA transcript of a specific gene. The human genome is composed of almost 35,000 protein-coding genes and almost 90,000 proteins. There are mainly five genres of alternative splicing. They are cassette-type alternative exons, intron retention, alternative 5’ splice site, alternative 3’ splice site, and mutually exclusive exons. Splicing spliceosome composed of a myriad of proteins and snRNAs. Alternative splicing is controlled by the stages of corresponding cis-acting regulatory and trans-acting proteins. 

There are multiple advantages of Alternative splicing as it develops proteome complexity through generating a variety of transcripts and proteins. It can affect protein activity and functions of removing and adding protein domains. Alternative splicing changes can be the consequence or cause of human decreases. Effective nutrition is required in the human body to improve its functions effectively. Multiple diseases can be caused by Alternative splicing for instance SMA, Hypercholesterolemia, and HGPS. Alternative splicing assists in improving the flexibility of the sequences of exonic regulatory and increases the variety of mRNAs. It assists in modifying the sequence of proteins in the human body encoded by genes. 

Difference between RNA splicing and alternative splicing 

There are multiple differences between alternative splicing and RNA splicing for instance its concepts, functions, and importance in the human body. Alternative splicing can be described as a process of generating different combinations of exons on the same genes. On the concept of RNA splicing, it is a method of splicing exons of mRNA primary transcript. RNA splicing is liable for the generation of mRNA molecules and alternative splicing is focused on producing a variety of proteins from a particular primary transcript. There is effective importance of alternative splicing and RNA splicing in the human body for the generation of functional protein. Alternative splicing and alternative splicing are the varieties of post-transcriptional modifications which follow eukaryotic gene transcriptions. 

Conclusion

Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that there is a significance of Splicing spliceosome for nuclear introns splicing that are not active catalytically.  The types of splicing are described effectively in this study. On the concept of RNA splicing, mature mRNA contains the exons in primary transcripts. Alternative splicing increases proteomic diversity and the informational diversity of cells. Both types of splicing are focused on removing introns. Moreover, it can be stated that there is an effective difference in alternative splicing and RNA splicing on the concept of exons, functions, results, and importance. The primary function of RNA splicing is to generate mature mRNA that is translated into a functional protein.