rRNA Processing

rRNA is the abbreviation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid which can be found in the ribosomes of most of the cells. rRNA covers 60% of the mass of the ribosomes while 40% is covered with the ribosomal proteins. Among other RNA, rRNA is the most abundant and the RNA found in the processing covers almost 80% of rRNA in a cell. In this module, the processing of rRNA and synthesis of rRNA are going to be discussed with the illustration of the functions on both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Along with that, the necessities of rRNA in the organisms are also going to be elaborated in this case. 

rRNA processing and synthesis

Depending upon the nature and the functional operations rRNA vary across organisms. While basic properties and characteristics remain the same in the case of processing of rRNA and synthesis of rRNA. It forms a stem-loop and through this configuration, the proteins remain attached. rRNA is capable of forming tight bonding with the ribosomal proteins of which ribosomal subunits are formed. In order to react with the rRNA, ribosomal proteins contain a basic resin residue that can contradict the acidic residue. In order to cross-link with the sugar-phosphate backbone, ribosomal RNA also contains certain basic residues and these are lysine and arginine. rRNA is divided into two ribosomal subunits and these are LSU which is a large subunit and SSU which is a small subunit.   

r-RNA in prokaryotes

In the case of prokaryotic processing of rRNA mostly in bacteria, SSU includes a single standard containing 1500 nucleotides. On the other hand, LSU contains two small rRNA and a large rRNA having 3000 nucleotides. Prokaryotes contain three rRNA types and these are 23S, 16S and 5S. Prokaryotic ribosomes are comparatively smaller, approximately 70S. Thus, it consists of less in a number of rRNAs. At the time of requirement rRNA forms mRNA that helps in protein synthesis and t-RNA that helps in translation by giving peptidyl transferase activity. 

In the case of prokaryotes, the 30S subunit functions as a container of 16S rRNA. On the other hand, the LSU or the 50S subunit consists of two rRNA which is 5S and 23S. Genes found in Bacteria such as 16S, 23S and 5S are typically arranged as co-transcribed operons. There may exist one or more copies of the operon that may be dispersed within the genome. 

rRNA in eukaryotes

Before coming to rRNA in eukaryotes it is required to consider the nature of the eukaryotic organisms. Therefore, the SSU of rRNA in eukaryotes contains a single comparatively small rRNA with approximately 1800 nucleotides. On the other hand, LSU contains two small and one large rRNA with approximately 5000 nucleotides. rRNA in eukaryotic cells have more than 70 ribosomal proteins that interact to generate larger polymorphic units of ribosomes than prokaryotes. Among the others, Yeast has been generally considered to be sampled for the observation of the processing of rRNA. In this case, many copies of rRNA do tandem repeats. The largest among the tandem arrays is 1q41-42.  

Synthesis of rRNA

For the eucaryotes, rRNA generates in the nucleolus of the nucleus which contains the necessary genes and the proteins to synthesise rRNA. Every ribosome contains at least one small rRNA and one large rRNA. Both the small and large rRNA combines together to form the ribosomal subunits such as the 50S and 30S for bacteria. rRNA synthesised by RNA polymerization with the help of gene rDNA which encodes it. The kinase AKT indirectly supports rRNA to be synthesised. It requires many stages to polymerise the rRNA polymerase II to III in order to convert the RNA proteins to bind together with the strand and synthesise rRNA. 

Functions of rRNA

Among many other discoveries in the microcellular level, rRNA is one of the oldest ones One of the major functionality of it is to bind mRNA and tRNA during the facilitation translation to mRNA. rRNA is responsible for producing the catalysis protein when RMA is compressed within LSU and SSU. There are three binding sites in an RNA and these are A, R and E. A site consists of primary level rRNA which is 16S.  Therefore, the function of the rRNA is basically forming the structure for the synthesis of the proteins and counting them in the effectiveness in the development of the organisms either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. 

Conclusion

The discussion is based on the processing of rRNA, its origin and location of work. The method of synthesis of rRNA has been described to illustrate the operations and functionality of it in the organisms. What has been found in the basic functionality is to deal with the crisis of protein necessary for the cell or body development and associate other proteins to combine to form genes and conduct the functional operations.