MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS

There are several steps in “Microbial production of vitamins and amino acids”. In this regard, “Microbial production of vitamins and amino acids” are crucial for the production process in food, water, pharmaceuticals industry as well as in industrial processes. Amino acids are considered as building blocks in a protein structure. In this regard, if this protein is being hydrolyzed the requisite amino acids can be isolated. Amino acid production is important in the food industry as well as in other industrial production processes. Vitamins are important for the production of medicines as well as other products with industrial importance. Vitamins that have been produced by using organic synthesis methods frequently require several reactions in an Industrial environment. 

Discussion

The steps for “Microbial production of vitamins and amino acids” include the following.

Amino acid production

Microbial amino acid production involves direct fermentation method, conversion of intermediates of metabolic process to amino acids, using different microbial enzymes as well as immobilized cells. Using direct fermentation methods, amino acid production can be performed by using the amino acids produced by microorganisms from several carbon sources like alkenes, glucose, fructose, glycerol, and propionate. In this regard, byproducts like molasses as well as scratch hydrolysates can be used. By using different fermentation methods these amino acids can be isolated. On the other hand, these microorganisms can be used to carry out certain metabolic processes for amino acids productions, like the production of serine by using glycine. Furthermore, immobilized cells, crude cell extracts as well as reactors of enzyme-membrane can be used for amino acid production.  In this regard, certain dehydrogenase enzymes isolated from Bacillus megaterium and other organisms are used to produce several L-amino acids. Industrial amino acid production is maintained by pH, nitrogen, carbon sources, and temperature. “Microbial production of vitamins and amino acids” is the crucial area that deals with the development of knowledge regarding different types of microorganisms. 

L-Glutamic acid 

L-Glutamic acid can be produced from Corynebacterium glutamicum traditionally. On the other hand, another organism that is employed is Brevibacteriam. In this regard, glucose is generally broken down to phosphoenolpyruvate and then to pyruvate in glycolysis. Phosphoenol pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate using biotin as a cofactor. Furthermore, using Krebs cycle α- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is produced and converted to glutamic acid using glutamate dehydrogenase. 

L-Lysine

Glucose is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate using glycolysis and PEP is further converted to Oxaloacetate by reacting in the Krebs cycle. Oxaloacetate can form aspartate by transamination. Aspartate semialdehyde can be converted to L-lysine using several enzymes. In order to produce L-lysine industrially several strains of B. flavum or C. glutamicum can be used. 

Production of Vitamins

There are several types of vitamins as well as amino acids that are4 produced by microorganisms such as L-glutamic acid, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Phenylalanine, L-aspartic acids, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K.

Vitamin A

Several engineering approaches have been developed to produce carotenoids or vitamin A in different organisms, In this regard, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis are modified in order to express genes for producing carotenoids On the other hand, E. Coli. can also be bioengineered in order to produce carotenoids. 

Vitamin D

Vitamin D or ergosterol can be produced by using yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarum.  In this regard, for the production of concentrates of vitamins fish oils are employed in order to extract vitamin D3 directly. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be bioengineered in order to enhance the accumulation of the vitamin through increasing the overexpression of several enzymes that are involved in the biosynthetic pathway. In this case, molasses is used as a carbon source. 

Vitamin B12

It is generally produced by fermenting Propionibacterium And Pseudomonas. On the other hand, Propionibacterium shermanii can be used to produce vitamin B12 in two steps. In step one growth and production, intermediates are produced and in step two vitamins B12 are produced from corn steep liquor, CoCl2, and glucose.

Vitamin C 

There are several metabolic and genetic engineering processes that have been developed widely to produce 2-Kolagen from different microorganisms like Erwinia herbicola, G. Oxydans, Pseudomonas putda. 

Conclusion

The biological production of vitamins has been developed by determining microbes that are capable of producing these industrially important enzymes. On the other hand, microbial amino acid production involves three types of methods that include extraction of amino acids and chemical synthesis of amino acids.