Classification and functions of amino acids and proteins

Amino acid molecules are organic that forms protein by linking themselves with other amino acid molecules. Protein is one of the most important particles that help to build a cell and eventually control cell functions. Therefore, amino acids formation is vital in producing proteins in an animal body.  Proteins act as enzymes, like antibodies, and also as structural support.

Along with protein, carbohydrates, calcium, etc. are vital in making the body structure. Bones plays an important role and are carbohydrate; proteins also provide energy, support, and immunity to animal bodies.  This paper will cover the Classification and functions of amino acids and proteins, Relationship between amino acids and proteins. Along with that, it will also cover, carbohydrates classification and functions and classification of bones as well in this chapter.

Structural definitions of amino acids and proteins

Amino acids are h essential properties of the protein. The combination of several amino molecules creates protein particles in the cells. Generally, amino acids are structured with alpha carbon, or A carbon, A hydrogen atom or H, amino group or -NH2, carboxyl group or -COOH.  All molecules of amino acid are the bond of alpha carbon and hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and an amino group. The difference between protein monomers is determined by the R group presented in the amino acid bond. The sequence of protein presented in an amino acid is determined by cellular genetic code, which is the sequence of nucleic acids and nucleotide bases or DNA and RNA.

Classification and functions of amino acids and proteins

Amino acids are classified into four general groups, based on R group properties and of each amino group. The groups can be polar, nonpolar, positively and negatively charged amino acid groups.

• Polar amino acids are the group where the R groups are hydrophilic, which means they seek to contact with aqua solutions. 
• Nonpolar groups are exactly opposite to polar, which means hydrophilic groups, which means they avoid contact with liquid substances. These contacts with substances play a vital role in providing the 3D structure to the proteins.

The list of R group properties in amino acid groups for polar and nonpolar acids is below.

Polar amino acids

• Cysteine / Cys
•     Tyrosine / Tyr
•     Serine / Ser
•     Asparagine / Asn
•     Threonine / Thr
•     Glutamine / Glm

Non-polar amino acids

• Alanine/ Ala
•     Methionine/ Met
•     Valine/ Val
•     Glycine / Gly
•     Tryptophan/ Trp
•     Isoleucine/ Ile
•     Phenylalanine/ Phe
•     Leucine/ Leu
•     Proline/ Pro

Positively charge amino acids

•     Histidine/ His 
•     Lysine/ Lys   
• Arginine/ Arg

Negatively charged amino acids

•     Aspartate / Asp
• Glutamate/ Glu

Relationship between amino acids and proteins from a biological source

Proteins are produced by the linkage between different amino acid molecules and DNA translation and transcription. In the process of protein synthesis, DNA is the first copied or transcribed in RNA. The transcribed RNA or mRNA is translated into amino acids from the generic codes.  The amino acids which have been translated join together by dehydration synthesis to form a peptide bond between the acids. After various amino acids formed a chained structure or polypeptide chain it becomes a complete functioning protein. After that, if one more polypeptide chain is twisted in the structure, it creates the #d structure from the protein molecules.

Definition of carbohydrates and their functions

Along with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are also four major classes of living cells organic compounds. Carbohydrates are the building blocks of sugar.  It can be classified according to the number of sugar units presented and combined in a unit.  Single unit sugars are, glucose, glucose, fructose, etc., which are also known as monosaccharides.

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are basically known as simple carbohydrates, whereas, dietary fiber, starches, which have long and complex structured chains are known as complex carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates classification and functions are listed below

Monosaccharides

•     Glucose
•     Galactose 
•     Fructose 

Disaccharides

•     Sucrose
•     Maltose
•     Lactose 

Polyols

•     Isomalt,
•     Sorbitol
•     Maltitol
•     Erythritol
•     Xylitol

Starch polysaccharides

•     Amylose 
•     Maltodextrins
•     Amylopectin 

Oligosaccharides

•     Malto-oligosaccharides
•     Fructo-oligosaccharides

Non-starch polysaccharides

•     Cellulose
•     Gums
•     Hemicelluloses  
•     Pectin
•     Inulin

Different classification and functions of bones

Bones are the structural elements of a body. Each animal has different types of bones according to its size. Bones are made of calcium and protein, named collagen, and some bloodstream. In the human body, there is a total of 206 bones which can be classified by here size and structure.

Conclusion

Amino acids are essential for life, but not all of them can be produced in the body naturally. Among 20 amino acids, only 11 can be produced naturally. Amino acids that are not naturally produced are called essential amino acids. His paper has covered the basic function and classification of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates ad bones which are very essential for all living beings in building the structure of the body and to make all the organs function properly.