Mahmud Ghaznavid

Sultan Mahmud Ghazni first invaded modern-day Pakistan in 1001, he was defeated, captured and released Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala. Mahmud Ghazni was born in the town of Ghazni which is situated in Zabulistan in Afghanistan. His father Sabuktigin was a slave commander in Turkey who founded Ghaznavid Dynasty. Mahmud was married to Kausuri Jahan and has two sons Mohammad and Masud. Later his sons also ruled over the Ghaznavid Dynasty. A constant companion of Mahmud was Malik Ayaz who was a Georgian slave. 

Mahmud Ghaznavid

Father of Mahmud Ghaznavid died in 997 and he was succeeded by his son Ismail and became the ruler of the Ghaznavid Dynasty. Sabuktigin appointed Ismail because he is more experienced and older than Mahmud. Ismail’s mother was the daughter of Sabuktigin’s oldest master Alptigin. Mahmud initiated the first invasion of North India in the month of November 1001.  He fought and defeated the army of Raja Jaypalka of Kabul at the Battle of Peshawar.  In 1002 he invaded Sistan and ended the Saffarid Dynasty by killing Khalaf ibn Ahmad. After that, he focused on Hindustan, especially on the highly fertile lands of Punjab. Mhamad Ghazi was known as a founder of Muslim empire in India. He occupied Lahore, Punjab and Peshawar and was defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle of Tarain. Mohammad Ghazni Invaded India 17 times in 27 years.His Main aim was to make Ghazni a powerful empire from a small poor hilly region. He had great control over Afghanistan and was attracted by wealth and the huge fertile lands of India.  He started to destroy temples and towns of north India like Nagarkot, Mathura and Kannauj. His most destructive attack was over the Somnath temple located in Gujarat. He attacked temples and defeated the kings of India and looted them. He wants to become the hero of Islam by defeating Hindu kings in India and destroying worship places. 

Ghaznavid Dynasty

The Ghaznavid dynasty was established in Afghanistan in the late tenth century. Various local rulers of Afghanistan and Beluchsitan took control under the Ghaznavid Dynasty. Father of Mahmud Ghazni, Sabuktiginestablished this empire. Rule of Turkish generals originally said services gradually established in the eastern part of Afghanistan. After the death of Sabuktigin in 997 Elder brothers of Mahmud Ismail ruled over Ghazna and was appointed by Sabuktin. Some critics said that he was influenced by the fact that the mother of Ismail was the daughter of this old master. After some time, superior military skills of Mahmud made him the ruler of Ghaznavid. By the end of 999, Mahmud had full control over Afghanistan. After that, he was attacked by the wealth and huge fertile land of India. Both Turkish and non-Turkish hoarders struggled a lot to expand their empire in India. Ghaznavid sultanate was established in around 961 and ended with Mahmud Ghazni in 1030. Muhamad married Khadija who was a wealthy Mexican woman who supported Mahmud Ghazi. In 1030 Mahmud Ghazi died as he was contracted with Malaria and caused lethal Tuberculosis. After his death Ghaznavid dynasty was ruled by his successors for 157 years. 

Kingdom of Mahmud Ghaznavid

Initially, the Ghaznavid Dynasty was started to control over east Afghanistan but at the end of 999, Mahmud Ghazi took control over the whole of Afghanistan. After accomplishing Afghanistan his next target was India. He was attracted by treasures, wealth, large monuments, temples and the huge fertile land of India, especially in Punjab. He started to destroy temples and buildings in India. The biggest destruction was the attack on the Somnath temple in Gujarat. Later his empire expanded in Lahore, Karachi, Punjab and Balochistan in Punjab. This Dynasty later expanded in Central Asia through Persianised in terms of literature, culture and language. This dynasty started from a little city poor region of Ghazni in Afghanistan and expanded from the Oxus River to the Indus valley and the Indian Ocean. A major part of east India and North India was Captured by the Ghaznavid Dynasty. Mahmud could not defeat at the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040 that brought decline to the Ghaznavid empire. 

Conclusion 

The Ghaznavid dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin in a small hilly poor region of Ghazi in Afghanistan. After his death in 997 his elder son Ismail was appointed by him as he was more experienced and older than Mahmud ghazi. After a few years of his father’s death, Mahmud Ghazi became the ruler due to his high expertise in the military. At the end of 999, he successfully ruled over all of Afghanistan then he expanded his empire in Lahore Punjab after the wealth and fertile lands of India attracted him. He invaded India more than 17 times in 27 years. He successfully expanded his empire from Afghanistan to eastern part of India. In 1030 with the death of Mahmud Ghazni due to Malaria, the Ghaznavid Dynasty declined.