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What are miniature paintings?
Miniature paintings are very small and colourful paintings that are handmade. The speciality of these miniature paintings is their detailed brushwork. A very interesting fact about miniature paintings is that the colours used to make these paintings come from various natural sources like vegetables, gold, silver, etc. Miniature paintings are done on materials like paper or pieces of cloth.
What is the use of these miniature paintings?
Artists from all around the world convey their respective ideas and themes through these miniature paintings. The most common theme of miniature paintings in India includes Ragas (a series of musical notes) , religious and mythological stories.
Who introduced miniature paintings in India?
In India, the Palas of Bengal are said to be the pioneers of miniature paintings.
Origin and Development of Miniature Paintings in India
The Palas of Bengal are said to be the pioneers of Indian miniature paintings. This art form reached its peak during the Mughal Rule. This art form was carried forward by various artists of painting schools of Rajasthan, such as Kishangarh, Bundi, Jaipur, Mewar and Marwar.
The origin of miniature painting in India goes back to 750 A.D. This was when the Palas ruled over the eastern part of India. These paintings became popular as religious teachings of Buddha, along with his pictures, were written and drawn on palm leaves. Similar paintings were introduced in the western parts of India by the then rulers of the Chalukya Dynasty in 960 A.D. In those times, miniature paintings often displayed religious themes.
Development of Miniature Paintings in India during Mughal Rule
The growth for miniature paintings started to evolve with the rise of the Mughal Rule, as Akbar was a fan and lover of art. During this period, miniature paintings were combined with the style and elements of Persian painting, giving rise to the Mughal style of painting. Further, these paintings evolved with the influence of European Paintings in the Mughal Court.
Development of Miniature Painting in India by the Rajputs
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Rajputs of Rajasthan patronized Indian miniature paintings and artists. Though, by this time, miniature paintings were influenced by the Mughal style of painting, as Rajasthan had its distinctive features, often portrayed royal lifestyle and mythological stories of Lord Krishna and Radha in its miniature paintings. The lifestyle of kings and queens and their bravery were often drawn and portrayed through these miniature paintings.
Miniature Painting Schools in India
Starting from the Pala style of miniature paintings in India, many schools of miniature paintings have evolved in India over several centuries. These schools were formed according to the social, religious, economic, and political atmosphere prevalent in different regions of India, and each had its distinctive feature. Some of the important schools of miniature paintings in India are listed and described below:
- PalaSchool – Dating back to the 8th century, the earliest Indian miniature paintings are related to the Pala School. The main emphasis of this school was on the symbolic use of colours. Here, the themes often portrayed Buddhist tantric rituals. The miniature paintings had drawings of Buddha and other deities done on palm leaves. These miniature paintings were often displayed in Buddhist Monasteries which included Nalanda, Somapura Mahavihara, Odantapuri and Vikramasila. These miniature paintings became very famous and attracted students from all over the world. Hence, Pala-style paintings soon became popular in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Tibet, etc. Apart from emphasising the symbolic usage of colours, Pala School’s other important characteristics include skilful and neat usage of lines, usage of natural colours, etc.
- Orissa School –This school came into existence in the 17th century A.D. Even after the widespread usage of paper in India, Orissa School decided to stick to its traditional form and continued to display its miniature paintings on palm leaves. Most of its paintings portrayed stories of Radha and Krishna, ‘Krishna Leela’ and ‘Gita Govinda’. Sometimes, these paintings depicted the beautiful landscape and were very rich in colour.
- Pahari School –This school emerged in the 17th century A.D. As the name suggests, these paintings originated in the kingdoms of North India, in the Himalayan region. The Pahari style of paintings prospered in the Jammu and Garhwal regions from the 17th century to the 19th century. These paintings gave rise to various other schools of Pahari style miniature paintings, such as Guler School, Basohli School, Garhwal School, Chamba School and Kangra School. Despite the distinctive features of each miniature painting, the portrayal of Gods and Goddesses and the scenic beauty of the Himalayas is one of the most common themes found in the Pahari miniature paintings.
Importance of Miniature Paintings in India
- Miniature Paintings show India’s ancient past and portray the lifestyle and customs followed by people of those times.
- It helps to preserve our Indian History.
- It also helps in our economy in the following ways:
- It attracts tourists from all over the world, and when they come to India and stay in hotels, the rent and tax help increase economic growth.
- These miniature paintings are sold in the market for great
Conclusion
Indian miniature paintings are very beautiful small pieces of artwork that are handmade and describe the ancient history of India. These paintings contain various themes ranging from religious mythological to the stories of the bravery of kings and queens. These paintings help preserve and depict Indian culture uniquely and attractively. As these paintings are very small, they are very easy to carry around and maintain. People who love art can easily collect these paintings from various parts of India to feel and learn more about India’s rich culture.
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