ETS Full Form

ETS or ets may refer to

ETS (endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy) is a surgical treatment that involves the destruction of a section of the sympathetic nerve trunk in the thoracic area. Excessive sweating in specific areas of the body (focal hyperhidrosis), facial flushing, Raynaud’s illness and reflex sympathetic dystrophy are all treated with ETS.

Enterprise test software (ETS) is a form of software used by electronics and other manufacturers to standardise product testing across the entire company, not just in the test engineering department.

Passive smoking occurs when someone other than the intended “active” smoker inhales tobacco smoke, also known as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). It happens when cigarette smoke enters an atmosphere and is inhaled by persons who are present.

The electron transport system is found in the mitochondrial cristae, which contains a number of cytochromes (enzymes) and coenzymes. These cytochromes and coenzymes serve as transport and carrier molecules. They take high-energy electrons and transfer them to the next molecule in the system. The energy of electrons carries protons through the membrane into the mitochondrion’s outer compartment at crucial proton-pumping sites.

Electron Transport

Electron transport is described as a succession of redox reactions like a relay race. Aerobic respiration includes it. It is the only phase of glucose metabolism that uses oxygen from the atmosphere. When electrons move from one component to the next until they reach the end of the chain, they reduce molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of water. The need for oxygen in the final step can be seen in a chemical process that requires both oxygen and glucose.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a succession of protein complexes and other molecules that transmit electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox processes (both reduction and oxidation occur at the same time) and relate this electron transfer with the flow of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electron transport chain contains many membrane-bound enzymes.

The exergonic process of electron flow across the electron transport chain. The redox processes provide an electrochemical proton gradient, which drives adenosine triphosphate production (ATP). The flow of electrons in aerobic respiration comes to a halt with molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor, which gives the majority of the energy. Other, lower-energy electron acceptors, such as sulphate, are employed in anaerobic respiration.

Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondria

A complex is a structure made up of weak proteins, molecules, or atoms that are weakly attached to a protein. Prokaryotes have many copies of the electron transport chain in their plasma membrane.

Complex 1 NADH-Q oxidoreductase: This complex contains iron-sulfur and FMN-containing enzymes. In this phase, two electrons are carried to the first complex aboard NADH. Vitamin B2 is the source of FMN.

Succinate-Q reductase (Q and Complex 2): FADH2 that does not transit via complex 1 is obtained directly from complex 2. Through the molecule ubiquinone, the first and second complexes are linked to a third complex (Q). The Q molecule is water soluble and travels freely in the membrane’s hydrophobic centre. An electron is supplied straight to the electron protein chain at this phase. The amount of ATP produced at this point is precisely proportional to the quantity of protons pumped across the mitochondria’s inner membrane.

Cytochrome c reductase, the third complex, is made up of Fe-S protein, Cytochrome b, and Cytochrome c proteins. The heme group is found in cytochrome proteins. Pumping protons across the membrane is the job of Complex 3. It also transports electrons to the fourth complex of enzymes and proteins via the cytochrome c. The electron source is Q, while the electron acceptor is Cytochrome C.

Cytochrome c oxidase, Complex 4: Cytochrome c, a, and a3 make up the fourth complex. In cytochromes c and a3, there are two heme groups, each of which is present. The cytochromes are in charge of trapping oxygen molecules between copper and iron until they are fully depleted of oxygen. Reduced oxygen picks up two hydrogen ions from the surrounding environment to form water in this phase.

Conclusion

The component of the nervous system in vertebrates that controls and regulates the internal organs without the organism’s conscious consciousness or effort is known as the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is made up of antagonistic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system connects the brain to the internal organs via spinal nerves. When these nerves are activated, the heart rate rises, blood supply to the muscles increases, and blood flow to the skin decreases, preparing the body for stress. The cranial nerves, particularly the vagus nerve, and the lumbar spinal nerves include parasympathetic nerve fibres. These neurons promote digestive secretions while decreasing heartbeat when activated.