Structure of Atoms,Molecules,and Chemical Bonds in Biology

Atomic Structure, Molecular Structure, and Chemical Bonding 

The kinds of chemical bonds that an atom makes and the manner in which it reacts with other atoms to form molecules are both determined by the number of electrons that an atom possesses as well as the configuration of those electrons. There are three types of bonds that can occur in chemical reactions: When one or more electrons are entirely transported from one atom to another, the result is the formation of an ionic connection between the two atoms.

Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds are all Parts of Matter

Matter is everything that has mass and takes up space. Elements are parts of matter that have their own physical and chemical properties. Elements have symbols that are made up of one or two letters, like C for carbon, Ca for calcium, H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, N for nitrogen, and P for phosphorus (phosphorus). An atom is the smallest amount of an element that still has all of the properties of that element. Molecules are made when atoms chemically bond together, and a molecule’s chemical formula shows what it is made of (O2, H2O, C6H12O6). A molecule is called a compound when the atoms in it are different (H2O, C6H12O6, but not O2). 

The nucleus of an atom is made up of positively charged protons and neutrons, which have no charge. Outside of the nucleus, there are groups of electrons with negative charges. The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms of each element makes them different. For example, hydrogen has one proton, one electron, and no neutrons, but carbon has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. The kinds of chemical bonds an atom makes and how it reacts with other atoms to make molecules depend on how many and where its electrons are. Chemical bonds come in three types: 

• When one or more electrons are completely moved from one atom to the other, this is called an ionic bond. The atom that gets more electrons has a negative charge, while the atom that gives up electrons has a positive charge. These atoms are ions because they have a positive or negative charge. The ionic bond is made up of two ions that are attracted to each other. In a sodium chloride (NaCl) molecule, the ions of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) (Na+ and Cl-) attract each other to form an ionic bond. When a chemical symbol is followed by a plus or minus sign, it means that the ion has a positive or negative charge, which is caused by the loss or gain of one or more electrons. If a number comes before the charge, it means that the charge is more than one (Ca 2+, PO 4 3–)
• When electrons are shared between atoms, covalent bonds are made. That is, neither atom has full control over the electrons (as happens with atoms that form ionic bonds). When two electrons share the same space, they form a single covalent bond (one from each atom). When four or six electrons are shared, either a double or a triple covalent bond is made. When the two atoms sharing electrons are the same, like in a molecule of oxygen gas (two oxygen atoms to make O2), the electrons are shared equally, and the bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond. When the atoms are different, like in a molecule of water (H2O), the larger nucleus of the oxygen atom pulls on the shared electrons more strongly than the single proton in each hydrogen atom. In this case, a polar covalent bond is made because the uneven distribution of the electrons makes parts of the molecule have either a negative or a positive charge
• Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that form between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom in one covalently bonded molecule and a partially negatively charged area in another covalently bonded molecule. Figure 1 shows that each water molecule has one end that is partially positively charged and one end that is partially negatively charged. When two water molecules touch each other, they form hydrogen bonds. Since the atoms in water form a polar covalent bond, the positive area around the hydrogen proton in H2O attracts the negative areas in an adjacent H2O molecule. The hydrogen bond is made up of this pull

Atoms

A chemical element is made up of atoms, which are the smallest pieces of ordinary matter. Neutral or charged atoms make up every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Atoms are very small, with a size of about 100 picometers. Because they are so small, it is not possible to accurately predict how they will behave using classical physics, as if they were tennis balls, for example. 

Each atom has a nucleus and one or more electrons that are attached to the nucleus. There are one or more protons and a number of neutrons in the nucleus. The most common type of hydrogen is the only one that doesn’t have neutrons. The nucleus has more than 99.94% of the mass of an atom. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons don’t have any electric charge. If there are the same number of protons and electrons, the atom is not charged. If there are more electrons than protons in an atom, the atom has a negative charge. If there are more protons than electrons, the atom has a positive charge. 

Molecules

• Molecules have one or more atoms that make them up. If they have more than one atom, the atoms can be the same or different. For example, an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Molecules in living things, like proteins and DNA, can be made up of thousands or even millions of atoms

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions are the four types of chemical bonds that are needed for life to exist. For biochemical interactions to happen, we need all of these different kinds of bonds to do different things. The strength of these ties varies.

Conclusion

From the following article we can conclude that Atomic structure, molecular structure, and chemical bond structure 

An atom’s quantity and arrangement of electrons determines the types of chemical bonds it forms and how it reacts with other atoms to form molecules. Chemical bonding can be divided into three types: When one or more electrons are entirely transported from one atom to the other, ionic bonds develop.