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Before we go into the details of the Magnetic Properties of Materials, let’s understand it. When a magnetic field is applied to a material, it provides a series of responses, referring to Magnetic property. When the application of the magnetic field is different, the materials react differently and correspondingly to it. Ferromagnetic materials produce the most familiar effects. The Ferromagnetic materials are attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets. These products turn out to produce magnetic fields themselves. Magnetic Properties of Materials is one of the most critical chapters in physics.
What are the Magnetic Properties of Materials?
Based on the behavior of materials in the magnetic field, the magnetic materials are divided into three categories. The types of categorization related to the types of materials include diamagnetic materials, paramagnetic materials, and ferromagnetic materials.
- When diamagnetic substances produce negative magnetization when placed in an external magnetic field, magnetic fields repel diamagnetic substances.
- Paramagnetic substances have a small net magnetic moment in the direction of the applied field. The magnetic field attracts paramagnetic substances.
- In a magnetic field, Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted. Magnetism is retained in the Ferromagnetic materials even after removing the magnetic field.
Magnetic Properties of Materials:
We shall discuss the 5 Magnetic Properties of Materials.
Property 1: Intensity of magnetization (I)
Electrons move around the nucleus, and these electrons possess magnetic properties. The external magnetic field creates an impact on the materials. A material held in an external magnetic field will have its magnetic moments aligned in a specific direction. The result is a non-zero dipole moment. Magnetic flux or intensity per unit volume is defined as net dipole moment per unit volume.
Property 2: Magnetic Field (H) or Magnetic intensity
The intensity in the magnetic field is produced by the electric current flowing through a solenoid. Magnetic property is caused as a result of the external magnetic field.
Property 3: Magnetic susceptibility
An intensified magnetization of material occurs directly proportional to the magnetic field intensity for a small magnetizing field. A material with a small magnetizing field acquires a greater degree of magnetization as a direct result of the intensity of the magnetic field. The intensity of magnetization is represented as (I), and material directly proportional to the magnetic field is represented as (H) and it can be represent as
I ∝ H
I = χmH, χm the susceptibility of the material. Magnetic susceptibility refers to the material’s ability to absorb liquid.
Property 4: Retentivity
Magnetism can be retained or resisted by materials because of their retentivity. It is known as retentivity when a material can retain or resist magnetization.
Property 5: Coercivity
A material’s coercivity measures its ability to resist the external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized. The increase or decrease of the resultant magnetic field inside a metal compared to the magnetic field in which the metal is situated is magnetic permeability.
Types of Magnetism:
The magnetic behavior of the materials is different at changed temperatures into their magnetic fields. The types of magnetism are classified into five types.
- Diamagnetic Material
- Paramagnetic Materials
- Ferromagnetic Materials
- Antiferromagnetic Materials
- Ferrimagnetic Materials.
Diamagnetic Material:
Magnetic field repels the diamagnetic materials. An induced magnetic field is created in the opposite direction by the applied magnetic field, and it causes a repulsive force. Water, wood, petroleum, some forms of plastics, copper and mercury are diamagnetic materials. The water-based diamagnetic materials have less than or equal to one relative magnetic permeability. Hence the magnetic susceptibility is less than or equal to 0. The magnetic susceptibility is negative for diamagnetic materials only. Nonmagnetic materials are diamagnetic materials because they lack properties of permanent magnetization without the external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic Materials:
Paramagnetic materials have permanent atomic dipoles. They act individually and range in the direction of the external magnetic field. Chemical elements and compounds are Paramagnetic Materials. The relative permeability of magnets in them is slightly greater than one, and they exhibit small positive magnetic susceptibility. Therefore they are attracted to magnetic fields.
Ferromagnetic Materials:
The external magnetic field magnetizes materials. Magnetization exists though the external magnetic fields are removed. Ferromagnetic materials are also subject to permanent magnetic properties as atomic magnetic moments spin due to electron structure. The magnetic moments of the electrons line up parallel to one another even in the absence of an applied field. Ferromagnetic materials examples include iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Antiferromagnetic Materials:
When atoms in the substance are arranged in anti-parallel directions, the substance is called antiferromagnetic. Antiferromagnets do not produce a magnetic field and possess zero net magnetic moments. Manganese oxide exhibits this behavior.
Ferrimagnetic Materials:
Opposing magnetic moments are not equal in Ferrimagnetic Materials. Ferrimagnetic Materials possess permanent magnetization even in the absence of an external magnetic field. Well-defined zero-field susceptibility is not developed.
Conclusion
Magnetic properties of materials is one of the most essential concepts of physics. The magnetic properties are Ferromagnetism (they form a magnet), Paramagnetism (They are attracted towards the magnetic field), Diamagnetism (They are repelled from the magnetic field). Also we learnt, the magnetic susceptibility is negative for diamagnetic materials only.
