Physics

Physics is included in both medical and non medical streams. It is one of the most important subjects. The detailed syllabus of class XII Physics is mentioned below. It is as follows:

Unit 1: Electrostatics 

Electric charges and fields

• Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Forces between multiple charges
• Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges
• Conservation of charge
• Electric charges
• Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field
• Electric field due to a dipole
• Electric dipole
• Electric field lines
• Electric field due to a point charge
• Electric field
• Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire
• Electric flux

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 

• Electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Equipotential surfaces
• A dipole and system of charges
• Electric potential due to a point charge
• Potential difference
• Electric potential
• Energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).
• Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Combination of capacitors in series and in parallel
• Capacitors and capacitance
• Dielectrics and electric polarization
• Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
• Conductors and insulators

Unit 2: Current Electricity 

Current electricity 

• Wheatstone bridge
• Kirchhoff’s rules
• Combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Potential difference and emf of a cell
• Internal resistance of a cell
• Temperature dependence of resistance
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Electrical energy and power
• V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear)
• Ohm’s law
• Mobility and their relation with electric current
• Drift velocity
• Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
• Electric current

Unit 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 

Moving charges and magnetism 

•  Oersted’s experiment
• Concept of magnetic field
• Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment)
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire
• Moving coil galvanometer current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field

Magnetism and matter 

• Magnetic field lines
• Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only)
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only)
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only)
• Bar magnet
• Effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
• Magnetization of materials
• Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances with examples

Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 

Electromagnetic Induction 

• Self and mutual induction.

• Lenz’s Law

• induced EMF and current
• Faraday’s laws

Alternating Current 

• Transformer
• AC generator
• Wattless current
• Power factor
• Power in AC circuits
• Resonance 
• LCR series circuit (phasors only)
• Reactance and impedance
• Peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
• Alternating currents

Unit 5: Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves 

• Electromagnetic spectrum (gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio waves)  including elementary facts about their uses
• Electromagnetic waves 
  • Their transverse nature (qualitative idea only)
• Basic idea of displacement current

Unit 6: Optics 

Ray optics and instruments 

Ray optics 

• Refraction of light through a prism
• Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Power of a lens
• Magnification
• Lens maker’s formula
• Thin lens formula
• Lenses 
• Refraction at spherical surfaces
• Total internal reflection and optical fibers
• Refraction of light
• Mirror formula
• Spherical mirrors
• Reflection of light

Optical Instruments 

• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers

Wave Optics 

• Width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only)
• Diffraction due to a single slit
• Coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only)
• Interference
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.
• Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts
• Wavefront and Huygens principle

Unit 7: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 

• De-Broglie relation
• Experimental study of photoelectric effect Matter waves-wave nature of particles
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
• Photoelectric effect
• Dual nature of radiation

Unit 8: Atoms and Nuclei 

Atoms 

• Hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only)
• Velocity and energy of electron in his orbit
• Expression for radius of nth possible orbit
• Bohr model of hydrogen atom
• Rutherford’s model of atom
• Alpha-particle scattering experiment

Nuclei 

• Nuclear fusion
• Nuclear fission
• Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• Mass defect 
• Nuclear force Mass-energy relation
• Composition and size of nucleus

Unit 9: Electronic Devices 

Semiconductor electronics – Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 

• Application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier
• Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
• Semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction
• Energy bands in conductors