Geography

The class 12th students must have the CBSE syllabus to get a clear idea about the chapters and topics. Below is mentioned the compiled geography curriculum of class 12th as per the latest CBSE guideline for the year 2022-23. 

Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography

Unit 1: Human Geography

• Nature and Scope 

Unit 2: People

• The World Population – Distribution, Density and Growth
• Population change – Components of Population Change, Demographic Transition
• Selected Indicators
• International Comparisons
• Human development – Concept

Unit 3: Human Activities

• Primary activities – Concept and changing trends
• Mining
• Pastoral
• Modern Agriculture
• Gathering
• Subsistence Agriculture
• People engaged in agricultural and allied activities
• Secondary activities- concept
• Manufacturing
  • Types 
    • Household
    • Small scale
    • Large scale
• Agro based and mineral based industries
• Tertiary Activities – Concept
•  Trade, Transport and Tourism
• People engaged in tertiary activities
• Services
• People engaged in quaternary activities 
• Quaternary activities- concept

Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade

• Land Transport – Roads, Railways
• Satellite Communication and CyberSpace – Importance and usage for Geographical Information
• International Trade – Bases and changing patterns
• Ports as gateways of International Trade
• Trans – Continental Railways Water Transport- Inland Waterways
• Major Ocean Routes
• Use of GPS
• Role of WTO In International Trade
• Air Transport- Intercontinental Air Routes Oil and Gas Pipelines

Part B: India: People and Economy 

Unit 6:  People

• Population: Distribution, Density and Growth
• Composition of Population
  • linguistic
  • religious
• Sex
• Rural-urban and Occupational-regional Variations in Growth of Population

Unit 7: Human Settlements

• Rural settlements 
  •  Types 
  •  Distribution
• Urban settlements 
  • Types
  • Distribution 
  • Functional Classification

Unit 8: Resources and Development

• Land Resources – General Land Use
• Agricultural Land Use
• Geographical Conditions And Distribution Of Major Crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane And Rubber)
• Agricultural Development and Problems
•  Water Resources-Availability and Utilization-
  • Irrigation
  • Domestic
  • Industrial 
  •  Other Uses
• Scarcity of Water and Conservation Methods
  • Rain Water Harvesting 
  • Watershed Management
• Mineral And Energy Resources – Distribution of Metallic (Iron Ore, Copper Bauxite, Manganese)
• Non-metallic (Mica, Salt) Minerals
• Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas And Hydroelectricity) and Non-conventional Energy 
• Sources (Solar, Wind, Biogas) and Conservation
•  Planning in India- Target group area planning (Case Study)
•  Idea of Sustainable Development (Case Study)

Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade

• Transport and Communication
  • Roads
  • Railways
  • Waterways 
  •  Airways
    •  Oil and Gas Pipelines
• Geographical Information and Communication NetWorks
• International Trade – Changing Pattern of India’s Foreign Trade
• Sea Ports and their Hinterland and Airports

Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems

• Urbanization
• Problems of Slums
• Land Degradation
• Environmental Pollution
• Rural – urban Migration
• Urban-waste Disposal