CBSE Class 12 Biology

Biology is considered one of the most scoring subjects in the board examinations. Students should study the syllabus properly to score good marks for better aggregate results at the end. The class 12 biology syllabus is as follows – 

Unit 6: Reproduction 

Chapter 2: Sexual Repoduction in Flowering Plants 

• Significance of seed dispersal and fruits formation 
• Special modes 
  • Polyembryony 
  • Parthenocarpy 
  • Apomixis 
• Development of seed and formation of fruit 
• Post fertilization events 
  • Development of endosperm and embryo 

• Double fertilization 
• Pollen pistil interaction 
• Out breeding devices 
• Pollination 
  • Agencies and example 
  • Types of pollination 
• Development of male and female gametophyte 
• Flower structure 

Chapter 3: Human reproduction 

• Lactation (elementary idea)
• Partition (elementary idea)
• Placenta formation and pregnancy [elementary idea]
• Implantation 
• Embryo development upto blastocyst formation 
• Fertilization 
• Menstrual cycle 
• Gametogenesis 
  • Oogenesis 
  • Spermatogenesis

• Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary 
• Male and female reproductive systems

Chapter 4: Reproductive health 

• Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies 
  • GIFT
  • ZIFT
  • IVF [elementary ideas for general awareness]

• Amniocentesis 
• Contraception and medical termination of pregnancy [MTP]
• Birth controls 
  • Methods and need
• Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution 

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 

• Chromosomal disorders in humans 
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome 
  • Turners syndrome 
  • Downs syndrome 

• Mendelian diseases in humans
  • Thalassemia 

• Sex linked inheriance 
  • Color blindness 
  • Hemophilia 

• Linkage and crossing over 
• Sex determination 
  • Honey bee
  • Birds 
  • Humans 

• Chromosomes and genes 
• Chormonse theory of inheritance 
• Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance 
• Pleiotropy 
• Multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups 
• Deviations from Mendelism 
  • Codominance 
  • Incomplete dominance 

• Mendelian inheritance 
• Heredity and variation 

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 

• DNA fingerprinting 
• Human and rice genome products 
• Genome 
• Gene expression and regulation 
  • Lac operon 

• Transcription 
• Translation 
• Genetic code
• Central dogma 
• DNA replication 
• DNA packaging 
• Structure of DNA and RNA 
• Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material 

Chapter 7: Evolution 

• Human evolution 
• Adaptive radiation 
• Hardy 
  • Weinberg’s principle 

• Gene flow and genetic drift 
• Types of natural selection 
• Mechanism of evolution 
  • Variation [recombination and mutation]

• Modern synthetic theory of evolution 
• Darwin’s contribution 
• Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution 
  • Molecular evidences 
  • Embryology 
  • Comparative anatomy 
  • Paleontology 

• Origin of life 

Unit 8: Biology and Human Welfare 

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases 

• Adolescence 
  • Alcohol abuse 
  • Drug abuse 

• HIV and AIDS 
• Cancer 
• Basic concepts of immunology 
  • Vaccines 

• Parasites causing human diseases 
  • Ringworm 
  • Amoebiasis 
  • Common cold 
  • Pneumonia 
  • Typhoid 
  • Ascariasis 
  • Filariasis 
  • Chikungunya 
  • Dengue 
  • Malaria 

• Pathogens 

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare 

• Production and judicious use 
• Antibiotics 
• Energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio fertilizers
• Sewage treatment
• Industrial production 
• Microbes in food processing 

Unit 9: Biotechnology and its Applications 

Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes 

• Genetic engineering [Recombinant DNA technology]

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications 

• Biopiracy and patents 
• Biosafety issues 
• Transgenic animals 
• Genetically modified organisms 
  • Bt crops 

• Gene therapy 
• Stem cell technology 
• Human insulin and vaccine production 
• Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture 

Unit 10: Ecology and Environment 

Chapter 13: Organisms and Population 

• Population attributes 
  • Age distribution 
  • Death rate 
  • Birth rate 
  • Growth 

• Population interactions 
  • Parasitism 
  • Predation 
  • Competition 
  • Mutualism 

Note: Topics excluded from the syllabus are mentioned below:

• Adaptations 
• Responses to abiotic factors 
• Major abiotic factors 
• Organisms and its environment 

Chapter 14: Ecosystem 

• Energy 
• Biomass 
• Pyramids of number 
• Energy flow 
• Productivity and decomposition 
• Components 
• Patterns 
• Ecosystems 

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and its Conservation 

• Sanctuaries and Ramsar sites 
• Wildlife 
• National parks 
• Biosphere reserves 
• Sacred groves 
• Red data book 
• Extinction 
• Endangered organisms
• Hotspots 
• Biodiversity conservation 
• Loss of biodiversity 
• Biodiversity 
  • Importance 
  • Patterns 
  • Concepts