Presenting Management as a Science

When a group is formed with some people  and a group activity is arranged to achieve specific common objectives, management is required to ensure that the group’s goals are met secure teams and direct, coordinate, and integrate the individual actions of a group work to achieve the organization’s goals All businesses have goals that they want to achieved through employing scarce resources such as labour, materials, machines, and money, among others .A manager employs human and material resources in the management process. Resources and scientific procedures to complete all actions that lead to the obtaining of goods.

Definition 

“Management is knowing precisely what you want men to do and then seeing that they do it the best and low-cost ways”. 

__F.W.Taylor 

“Management is defined as the construction and maintenance of an inner environment in an enterprise where entities working together in groups, can accomplish efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals”. __Koontz and O’Donnell

Characteristics of management 

• Setting goals for organisation:-  The main economic goal of a business is to make as much money as possible, whereas the basic goal of a service organisation such as a hospital or an educational institution is to give better care and education. 
• Awareness of opportunities and resources: Management is aware of opportunities and resources such as men, materials, and money, which they gather and integrate.
• Management is a transformation process: that includes planning, organising, staffing, leading, and managing.
• Management is universal: Management ideas and procedures are universally relevant to all group activities at any organisational level.
• System of authority: A hierarchy of command and control is referred to as a system of authority. Managers at various levels have varied skills.
• Co – Ordination: Because multiple human beings organised in formal organisations are attempting to attain common organisational objectives, various departments within the organisation must function in unison.
•  Management is a dynamic process: The ever-changing social context has an impact on group activities both directly and indirectly, posing a challenge to management. Efficient management can’t stay still; it has to adapt to changing circumstances.
• Management entails making decisions: The marketing managers make decisions on how to market, when to market, where to market, and how to collect funds for the organisation.

Nature of management 

Over time, the study and use of management techniques in the management of an organization’s affairs has changed its nature.

Multidisciplinary: Management is multidisciplinary in nature. This suggests that,despite the fact that management is a distinct subject, it is influenced by other disciplines. Information and ideas from a variety of areas It allows ideas to flow freely concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology, to name a few Economics, ecology, statistics, and operations research are only a few examples. Management combines ideas and concepts from several disciplines and applies them to the current situation modern organisational management concepts that can be put into reality

The nature of the idea is dynamic: it is based on integration and is backed up by practical examples. As a result of this evidences; management has developed a set of principles. These, however, Principles are adaptable by nature and evolve when the environment changes. 

Principles that are relative rather than absolute: The principles of management are relative, not absolute. They are absolute, and they should be applied according to the organization’s needs. Each organisation is likely to be unique. There could be a distinction due to the passage of time, the location of the event, socio-cultural influences, and so on.

Management as a science 

Science is a systematic body of knowledge that emphasises universal truths or the application of broad laws. The following are the main qualities of science:

• Science is a precise entity of knowing with a well-organized corpus of knowledge. Its mechanisms are built on a cause-and-effect relationship.
• Universal validity: Scientific conventions are true and applicable all around the world.
• Experiment-based systems: Scientific standards are created through research and then tested through repeated trial and error in regulated conditions.
• Experimentation and observation – Scientific concepts are formed through scientific investigation and research, and are hence logical. The principle that the earth revolves around the sun, for example, has been scientifically proven.
• Management concepts are based on scientific inquiry and observation, not only Henry Fayol’s opinion. They were created through tests and the experiences of a huge number of managers. Fair remuneration for employees, for example, has been shown to contribute to a contented workforce.
• Cause and Effect Relationships – Science’s principles define the cause and effect relationships between different factors. Metals, for example, expand when heated. Heating is the cause, and expansion is the outcome.
• Validity of management principles can also be tested. The notion of unity of command, for example, can be tested by contrasting two people.

Management as an art 

Art is the skilled and individual application of existing information to achieve desired results. It can be obtained through education, research, and experience. Because art is concerned with the individual use of facts, some level of imagination and creativity is required to follow the basic systems acquired. 

Conclusion 

Managers can follow a pretty methodical process for solving problems, according to the Management Science methodology. Defining the issue (a circumstance in which you must make a judgement)(either as a setback or as a chance).Putting the issue into a standardised category. Creating a conventional mathematical model to describe the situation is a real-life issue. Identifying and evaluating alternative solutions to the modelled problem. Choosing and recommending a problem-solving solution.