Properties of Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more components in which the particle size is smaller than 1 nm is a solution.A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting substances whose composition can be varied within certain limits. Solution formation is a physical process .When gases are mixed ,they form a single phase and are also termed as miscible substances  whereas immiscible substances are the one that forms separate phases.

You must have seen several kinds of solution in general, such as sharbat, salt solution etc. You would have seen brass utensils, which are also the homogeneous solutions of solid into solid. We can prepare solutions of solid-liquid, solid-solid, solid-gas, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid, gas-solid, gas-liquid and gas-gas. Gasoline, alloys, air, starch solution etc., are examples of solutions. 

The solution is made from two components called solute and solvent.

Solute: The substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution is called a solute. It is present in a lesser quantity than the solvent in the solution.

Solvent: The component of a solution in which solute is being dissolved is called a solvent. It is present in more quantities than solute in solution.

Properties of a Solution 

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. It has various properties, some of which are stated below :-

The particles are very small and have a diameter smaller than 1 nm.

The particles can’t be seen with the naked eye. A beam of light moving through particles does not scatter; therefore, the light path is not apparent.

Filtration cannot separate the constituents of a combination. Solutes are inextricably linked to the rest of the mixture and do not settle. A solution is stable.

The universal rule is “like dissolves like,” which means a polar solvent will dissolve polar/ionic species, and a nonpolar solvent will solvate/dissolve nonpolar compounds. There is also some thermodynamics at play, which we will discuss later in the semester.

Intermolecular Forces and Solution Formation To make a solution, we must first break apart the forces present in the solute and solvent. Once the similar molecules are separated sufficiently, new intermolecular forces can be established between them, culminating in solution formation.

Solution Energetics 

1 Next, we suppose that the following processes are followed in the construction of a solution: 1 The solute is broken down into its constituent parts – endothermic 

2 Endothermic overcoming of intermolecular interactions between solvent molecules to admit solute components 

3 Intermolecular forces interact between the solvent and the solute, resulting in an exothermic reaction.

Saturated Solutions & Solubility

Crystallisation is the polar opposite of dissolution, in which the solvated solute finds its brethren and breaks free from the solution to form a precipitate. 

Solvent + Solute = Solution.

Another example of equilibrium is when the dissolution rate equals the crystallisation rate. A saturated solution contains as much solute as can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. The solubility of a solute in a solvent is equal to this amount and is usually expressed in g/L or mol/L.

Unsaturated solutions are those that contain less than the maximum amount. 

A supersaturated solution is created when heat is introduced, and more solute is dissolved than this maximum.

Henry’s Law: 

When the temperature is held constant, Henry’s law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.

Henry’s law constant (typically represented by ‘kH’) is the proportionality constant for this connection. Henry’s law has the following mathematical formula: 

P = kH.C

The partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere above the liquid is denoted by ‘P’. 

The dissolved gas concentration is denoted by the letter ‘C.’ 

The gas Henry’s law constant is ‘kH.’

If we put a glass of distilled water and another glass of seawater in a closed system for a while, the volume in the distilled glass will decrease as the volume in the seawater glass grows.

The distilled water liquefies back into the saltwater beaker because the system is enclosed; the driving force is that water wants to solvate the salt; this is also why we use desiccator packets of salt to keep water out of leather goods and other products. 

Take-Home Message: the presence of a nonvolatile solute lowers the VP of a solvent.

Oil is made of various distinct hydrocarbons, such as octane and heptane. These diverse compounds have comparable but differing bpts, which we can separate by performing fractional distillation, which involves boiling and re-condensing a mixture into its components.

The lowest boiling points belong to the most volatile (easily evaporated) compounds, and they will rise to the top of the tower because it is more difficult to re-condense them. The highest boiling points belong to the easiest compounds to condense, and they will be collected in the lower portion of the tower.

Conclusion 

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting substances whose composition can be varied within certain limits. A solvent is that component of the solution which is present in the largest amount by mass. A solvent determines the physical state of solution in which it exists. A solute is the One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent.This section includes solutions and their various properties. The questions related to solute and solvent. Henry’s law is well stated, and the properties are Defined well.