Elements in Modern Periodic Table

Introduction

The periodic table, commonly known as the periodic table of elements, is a systematic listing of the 118 known chemical elements. The chemical elements are ordered from left to right and top to bottom by increasing atomic number, or the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, which typically corresponds to increasing atomic mass.

According to Los Alamos National Laboratory, the horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods, and each period number specifies the number of orbitals for the elements in that row. (Atoms have protons and neutrons in their nucleus, and their electrons are placed in orbitals around them; an atomic orbital is a mathematical term that explains the position of an electron as well as its wave-like behaviors)

What are Elements?

In chemistry we define an element as a substance that can’t be broken down into the smaller components by any chemical reaction. The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determines its uniqueness. The number of protons in the nucleus of an element’s atom is known as the element’s atomic number.

Example: Elements having atomic numbers ranging from 1 to 92 can be found in nature. The atomic number of hydrogen, the most prevalent element in the universe, is 1. Helium, which has the atomic number of 2, is the second most abundant element present in the universe. Other well-known elements are carbon, which has 6 protons in its nucleus, nitrogen, which has 7, oxygen, which has 8, iron, which has 26, and uranium, which has 92. Elements with atomic numbers larger than 92 have been created in labs, however the vast majority of them are unstable and rapidly disintegrate into elements with lower atomic numbers.

Elements in the Modern Periodic Table

The periodic law regulates the order of elements in the periodic table, which is as follows:

“Features of elements are periodic functions of the atomic number of elements.”

As a result, the periodic table of elements has been ordered in ascending order of atomic number. These items are arranged in a grid or matrix pattern. In the periodic table different types of 118 elements are present. This matrix has now divided itself into rows and columns.

Presence of Elements in the Modern Periodic Table

1. Main group or representative elements: The elements found in groups 1 and 2 (s-block elements) on the left and Groups 13 to 17 (p-block elements) on the right of the periodic table are referred to as main group or representative elements.
2. Noble gases (inert gases): Elements in Group 18 have a totally filled outermost shell. As a result, they are non-reactive or inactive in nature.
3. Transition elements (d-block elements): These elements are found in the periodic table’s middle block (Group 3 to 12). These elements have two outermost shells that are incomplete, causing them to transition from electropositive to electronegative. As a result, transition components have been identified.
4. Inner transition elements (f-block elements): These are put at the bottom of the periodic table in two different rows as lanthanides and actinides to prevent the periodic table from expanding. Each row has 14 items.
5. Metals: Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are the names given to groups 1 and 2, respectively.
6. Non-metals: Non-metals occupy the left side of the periodic table.
7. Metalloids: Metalloids are elements that exhibit both metal and nonmetal characteristics. Boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and astatine are the elements (At).

How in Modern Periodic table Position of Elements in Groups and Periods is decided

Along the Periods

• The periods are represented by the horizontal rows of the periodic table of elements.
• The table has seven such periods, each numbered from 1 to 7.
• The period’s elements all have the same number of shells. Across every given period, the number of electrons in this final shell increases by one.
• The first period is the shortest, consisting of only two elements, Hydrogen and Helium. The next two rows or periods, the second and third, are referred to as short periods. Both are composed of eight elements. The next two periods each contain 18 elements. Finally, the final (sixth) period is the longest, with 32 components.

Along the Groups

• Groups are the vertical columns of the periodic chart.
• In the modern periodic table, there are 18 groups available.
• Elements belonging to the same group belong to a family, which is usually named after the first element in that group.
• If you look at the electrical configuration of all elements in a group, you’ll discover that they all have the same number of valence electrons. Consider the elements chlorine and fluorine. Both are in group 17 and contain seven valence electrons.
• The valence electrons stay constant as you move down the group, but the number of shells increases.
• Group 1 comprises alkali metals and is located on the far left side of the chart (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr). They are extremely reactive metals that react violently to generate strong alkaline hydroxides.
• Noble gases form up the final group (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn). These are extremely nonreactive. They are in the eighteenth group, which is sometimes known as Group 0.

Conclusion 

The periodic table, commonly known as the periodic table of elements, is a systematic listing of the 118 known chemical elements. The chemical elements are ordered from left to right and top to bottom by increasing atomic number, or the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, which typically corresponds to increasing atomic mass. According to Los Alamos National Laboratory, the horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods, and each period number specifies the number of orbitals for the elements in that row.(Atoms have protons and neutrons in their nucleus, and their electrons are placed in orbitals around them. The number of protons in the nucleus of an element’s atom is known as the element’s atomic number. The periods are represented by the horizontal rows of the periodic table of elements.