Types and Stages of Cell Division

Introduction

Cell division, a process by which a parent cell splits into two or more daughter cells. Cell division generally occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. There are mainly two different types of eukaryotic cell division. Nutritional division, in which each daughter cell is genetically identical to the mother cell (thread division), and germ cell division, in which the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell is reduced by it’s half to produce haploid gametes.

Cell Division in Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic cell division is much more complex than prokaryotes. Whether it decreases depends on the number of chromosomes. Eukaryotic cell division can be divided into mitosis (equal division) and meiosis (meiosis). There is also a primitive form of cell division  called amitosis. Amitotic or mitotic cell division is fairly atypical and diverse in different groups of organisms such as protozoa (i.e., diatoms, whirlpool algae, etc.) and fungi. 

Phases of Eukaryotic Cell Division

Interphase:

Interphase is the process by which cells must pass before mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase consists of three main stages: G1, S, and G2. G1 is a cell growth phase in which special cellular functions occur  to prepare cells for DNA replication. During interphase, there are checkpoints  that allow cells to  advance or stop further development. 

Prophase:

The first half is the first stage of the split. The nuclear envelope is degraded at this stage, the long strands of chromatin condense into shorter, more visible strands called chromosomes, the nucleoli disappear, and the microtubules are chromosomes in the discoid kinetochores present in the centromere. Chromosomes can also be seen under a microscope and are bound by centromeres. 

Metaphase:

In metaphase, chromosomal centromeres collect in the metaphase plate (or equatorial plate). It is a fictitious line equidistant from the two  poles  of the centrosome and connected by a complex called cohesin. Chromosomes are centred by the microtubule organising centre (MTOC) and push or pull the centromeres of both chromatids  to move the chromosomes toward the centre. 

Anaphase:

Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle, which occurs after  chromosomes line up on the mitotic plate. The centromere emits an anaphase inhibitory signal until it attaches to the mitotic spindle. 

Telophase:

Telophase is the final stage of the cell cycle in which  the fissure groove divides the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) and chromatin of the cell. This is done through the synthesis of a new nuclear envelope that forms around the chromatin collected at each pole. When chromatin returns to the loose state it had in interphase, the nucleolus is reshaped. 

Cytokinesis:

The final stage of the cell division process is cytokinesis. At this stage, there is cytokinesis that occurs at the end of either mitosis or meiosis. At this stage, irreversible separation occurs, giving rise to two daughter cells. Cell division plays an important role in determining the fate of cells. This is due to  the possibility of  asymmetric splitting. 

Karyokinesis:

Karyokinesis is a step during cell division in which the cell nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis usually follows. The DNA condenses and the chromosomal substance is evenly divided into two. During the nuclear movement, the nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei. This process occurs in four steps: early, middle, late, and final. 

Difference Between Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis

Karyokinesis is defined as the division of the cell nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle.  This process does not depend on cytokinesis. Divide the genetic material evenly. The daughter chromosome is divided into two daughter nuclei. 

Cytokinesis, on the other hand, is defined as cytokinesis in the M phase of the cell cycle. The secondary step in the M phase. This process would not be possible without nuclear kinematics. 

Conclusion

Cell division is one of the most important processes that occur in all living organisms. When an organism finishes growing, cell division slows down, but it never stops. Old cells must always be  replaced with new healthy cells. If this does not happen, complications can occur in the organism. All systems in your body are connected in some way, so if one system fails, the other will fail too. Also,  the only way multicellular organisms can become multicellular is through the process of mitosis. Without cell division, humans and all other multicellular organisms would be stuck as a single cell.