Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cells have the ability to maintain many habitats within a single cell, which allows them to carry out a variety of metabolic operations. This allows them to grow to be hundreds of times larger than bacterial cells.

The Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic Cells Have Specific Characteristics

The following are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells:

1.Cells that are eukaryotic have a nucleus that is contained within a nuclear membrane.

2.Mitochondria are found within the cell.

3.Eukaryotic cells have locomotory organs, which are flagella and cilia, which are attached to the cell membrane.

4.A cell wall is the outermost covering of eukaryotic cells that protects them from the environment.

5.Mitosis is the process through which cells divide and become new cells.

6.The cytoskeletal framework of eukaryotic cells can be found within the cells.

7.The nucleus includes a single, linear strand of DNA that holds all of the genetic information in the cell.

8.The Eukaryotic Cell’s Physical Structure

The following are the components of the eukaryotic cell structure:

Plasma Membrane  

The plasma membrane is responsible for separating the cell from its surrounding environment.

A number of specialised embedded proteins are present among the Lipid-Bilayer , which aid in the exchange of chemicals into and out of the cell.Easily

Cell Membrane 

An external cell wall of a plant is a stiff structure that surrounds the entire plant cell. Animal cells, on the other hand, do not contain it.

It gives the cell its shape and aids in the interaction of cells with one another.

It is a protective layer that shields the cell from harm as well as pathogen attacks and infection.

It is made up of several components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, proteins, and so on.

Cytoskeleton 

The cytoskeleton, which is found within the cytoplasm and is composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and fibres, is responsible for providing the cell with its precise shape, anchoring the organelles, and stimulating cell movement.

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an abbreviation for Endoplasmic Reticulum.

It is a network of tiny, tubular structures that splits the cell surface into two sections: the luminal portion and the extraluminal portion of the cell surface.

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:

1.Rough Endoplasmic-Reticulum :- It has ribosomes attached to its surface 

2.Smooth Endoplasmic-Reticulum:- It doesn’t have any Ribosomes attached to its surface

DNA 

DNA and proteins are found in the nucleus’ nucleoplasm, which is contained within the nucleus.

The nuclear envelope is composed of two layers: The outer membrane and the inner membrane. The outer membrane protects the nucleus while the inner membrane protects the nucleus. Both membranes are permeable to ions, molecules, and the RNA material that makes up the membranes.

1.The creation of ribosomes takes place within the nucleus as well.

Apparatus de Golgi.

2.Cisternae, which are flat disc-shaped formations, are what make up the structure.

Both human red blood cells and plant sieve cells are devoid of this substance.

Close to the core, they’re organised in a parallel and concentrically ordered fashion.

In the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids, it is a critical location of action for the enzyme.

Ribosomes 

These are the primary sites of protein synthesis, and they are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids, respectively.

Mitochondria

Because they generate energy, these cells are frequently referred to as “powerhouses of cells.”

It is made up of two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Cristae are folds in the inner membrane that separate it from the outer membrane.

They play a role in the regulation of the metabolism of cells.

Lysosomes 

Suicidal bags are so named because they contain hydrolytic enzymes, which digest proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Plastids 

These are double-membraned structures that can only be found in the cells of plants. There are three categories of these:

A chloroplast is a chloroplast that contains chlorophyll and is engaged in the photosynthesis process

An organelle in the plant’s chromosomes that carries a pigment known as carotene and which gives the plant its yellow, red, or orange colour.

Leucoplasts are colourless organelles that store oil, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, among other things.

Diagram of a Eukaryotic Cell 

The eukaryotic cell diagram shown below illustrates the various cell organelles that can be found in eukaryotic cells. A number of organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, and lysosomes, are depicted in the diagram.

The presence of a genuine nucleus may be seen in the Eukaryotic Cell Diagram depicted in the previous section.

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle is a cycle that occurs in all living organisms.

During the cell cycle, eukaryotic cells divide in order to reproduce. During the cycle, the cell goes through a number of different stages. There are a number of checkpoints in between each of the stages.

Quiescence is a state of mind (G0)

This is referred to as the resting phase, and the cell does not divide during this time. During the resting phase, the cell does not divide. This is the stage at which the cell cycle begins. These are the cells that comprise the liver, kidney, neurons, and stomach, all of which may survive for extended periods of time in this state. The majority of cells do not progress through this stage and continue to divide forever throughout their lifespan.

Interphase 

During this stage, the cells continue to develop and absorb nutrients in order to prepare them for division. It is made up of three parts.

Phase 1 (G1) (First Gap)

The G1 phase (also known as the first gap) is the initial stage of interphase because, when viewed from a microscopic perspective, there is little change. The cell, on the other hand, is extremely active at the biochemical level during the G1 stage. As the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the related proteins are accumulated by the cell, the cell is also amassing adequate energy reserves to accomplish the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus, which takes many hours.

S Phase is an abbreviation for “Second Phase” (Synthesis of DNA)

A semi-condensed chromatin structure persists throughout the interphase period of the cell cycle. It is possible for DNA replication to proceed in the S phase through the mechanisms that result in the production identical pairs of DNA molecules (sister chromatids) that are tightly bound together at the centromeric region. During the S phase, the centrosome is replicated two times. After dividing, the two centrosomes combine to form the mitotic spindle, which is responsible for coordinating the movement of chromosomes during mitotic divisions. The centrosomes of animal cells are located at the middle of each animal cell and are coupled with a pair of rod-like items known as centrioles, which are positioned at right angles to one another. Centrioles are important in the organisation of cell division. Similarly, centrioles are absent from the centrosomes of other eukaryotic species, including plants and the majority of fungi.

G2 Phase  (Second Gap)

When cells are in the G2 phase, they are replenishing their energy stores and synthesising protein, which is required for chromosomal manipulation. Some of the cell’s organelles are replicated, and the cytoskeleton is disassembled to make way for the mitotic phase, which requires additional resources. It is possible that further cell proliferation will occur during G2. Final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is allowed to progress through to the first stage of the mitotic cycle .

Illustrations of Eukaryotic Cells  

Eukaryotic cells are found only in complex organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and other eukaryotic cells. The following are some examples of eukaryotic cells to consider:

Plants:- Mango Leaves 

Animal :- Human being Cells

Fungi :- Aspergillus niger 

Protozoa:-Amoeba cell

Conclusion 

A eukaryotic cell is one that has a nucleus that is encased inside a nuclear membrane, and these cells can grow to produce vast and complex creatures. Eukaryotic cells can be found in protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals, among other things. They are included in the kingdom Eukaryota, which means “eukaryotic.”