Chemical Coordination and Integration

The branch of biology which deals with the study of the endocrine system and its physiology is known as “Endocrinology”.

“Thomas Addison” is known as the father of Endocrinology.

Whereas the gland with duct is called exocrine gland which secretes enzymes etc. Endocrine glands pour their secretion directly into blood. These glands lack ducts, so these glands are called ductless glands.

The organ systems in our body must add accord to save lots of homeostasis. Therefore, the brain and the system work together to coordinate and integrate all the organs’ operations (neuroendocrine system).

Organs may coordinate from one position to a different position because of the neurological system. This response is rapid-fire-fire, but it only lasts numerous seconds.The system uses hormones to continuously coordinate and integrate cellular exertion because neurons don’t innervate all the body’s cells. The time it takes for the target kerchief to reply to hormone action could be seconds, beats, or indeed hours.

Chemical Coordination and Integration notes

Human endocrine system

Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus contains centrals, which are clusters of hormone-producing neurosecretory cells. Hypothalamic hormones regulate pituitary hormone emulsion and merchandise.

The Hypothalamus produces two sorts of hormones.

The hypothalamus hormones flow to the anterior pituitary gland via the cardiovascular portal system, where they regulate its function.

The Hypothalamus directly controls the posterior pituitary gland.

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is discovered during the sella turcica, a bone concave. A stalk connects it to the Hypothalamus.

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located behind the forebrain. It produces the hormone called melatonin, which aids in the regulation of physiological functions such as sleep, waking cycle, and blood temperature.

Parathyroid Gland

The parathyroid produces the peptide hormone parathormone, which is deposited on the posterior side of the thyroid (PTH). PTH regulates the factor IV attention within the blood. Calcium absorption from the renal tubules and, therefore, the alimentary canal is additionally backed by it.

Thymus

The thymus is found near the aorta on the rearward side of the guts. Thymosins, a peptide hormone produced by this gland, help T-lymphocytes develop cell-interceded immunity. It also promotes the merchandise of antibodies that guard the humerus.

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid is split into two lobes on either side of the trachea, connected by an islet.

The adrenal is found within the anterior area of every order. It is formed from two apkins: the core medulla and, therefore, the external cortex.

Pancreas

The pancreas may be a gland that’s both endocrine and exocrine. The endocrine pancreas comprises” Islets of Langerhans,” which contain- cells and- cells. – cells cache the hormone glucagon, and insulin is buried by cells. Both hormones play a role in controlling blood glucose situations.

Testes

The testes are a pivotal commerce organ also as endocrine glands. Leydig cells, or interstitial cells, which control the event of primary commerce organs and spermatogenesis, produce androgens, primarily testosterone.

Ovary

Oestrogen and progesterone are two types of steroid hormones produced by the ovary. Oestrogen is created and buried by ovarian follicles as they mature.

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called hormone receptors located in the target tissues only. Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called membrane-bound receptors and the receptors present inside the target cell are called intracellular receptors, mostly nuclear receptors (present in the nucleus). Binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex. Each receptor is specific to one hormone only and hence receptors are specific.

Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain biochemical changes in the target tissue. Target tissue metabolism and hence physiological functions are regulated by hormones. On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones can be divided into groups:

(i) Peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, etc.)

(ii) Steroids (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone)

(iii) Iodothyronines (thyroid hormones)

(iv) amino-acid derivatives (e.g., epinephrine).

Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ etc) which in turn regulate cellular metabolism Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid)

Hormones, iodothyronines, etc.) mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the genome. Cumulative biochemical actions result in physiological and developmental effects

Effects

The system could be a network of glands throughout your body that create hormones that aid cell communication. They’re in charge of practically every cell, organ, and bodily function. If the body system isn’t healthy, it might cause trouble growing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. This results in excess sugar in your blood that doesn’t reach your cells where it’s needed for energy; you’ll gain weight quickly, have weak bones, and lose vitality.

Conclusion

Chemical collaboration is overseen by endocrine glands, a system of glands. These glands are often located everywhere in a beast’s body, including the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal. Hormones are a set of chemical mixes released by glands made from protein or sterol lipids.

Certain compounds operate as hormones in the mortal body, providing chemical collaboration, integration, and regulation. Hormones control the metabolism, growth, and development of our organs and the endocrine glands and specialised cells. The Hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands are part of the system. The thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads (testis and ovary).