Marketable Securities of India

Industrial security market 

The industrial security market of India consists of the primary market and secondary market, often called the stock exchange. Both markets interlink with each other and thus work in conjunction. However, they differ, as the primary market issues new securities and the stock exchange deals with old securities. Now let us discuss this more in detail. 

Primary Market:

• The primary marketable securities work to float new issues of shares or bonds. The organisations that float new bonds to raise funds are new and old companies planning expansions. Meanwhile, firms request the merchant banking division of commercial banks to advise on the feasibility of future security market problems. 
• Moreover, several stock issuing companies have submitted a proposal to institutional underwriters like ICICI, LIC, UTI, and IDBI to assure an overall marketability complication. Meanwhile, UTI and LIC buy security from the primary market to sustain their asset portfolio. 
• The Indian Capital market perceives two different ways of floating the new bond issue, i.e., public issues and rights issues. 

1. Public issue: Public issue is the most popular method of floating new issues of bonds in the security market. Companies float the shares through a legal document called “Prospectus.” The document allows the general public to endorse the issue at a premium. 
2. Rights issues: The rights issues method gives an open invitation to existing shareholders of old companies to endorse partial or complete new issues as per their shareholding. 

Secondary market 

• The secondary industrial marketable securities deal with existing securities and provide efficient liquidity and marketability. Secondary marketable securities imply an easy buy and selling of security with a minimal transaction cost. 
• It often operates on the sale and purchase of existing securities. Firms that issue new securities in the form of shares and bonds register themselves by applying for the listing of shares in the security market line under the Stock Exchange. Thus, the listing provides a market for investors to regulate their stock sales.  

Governmental security market 

The governmental security market includes investment products discharged by India’s central and state governments. Consequently, the central and state government issues them to refund investors’ securities and raise cash resources through advance refunding of securities. 

Meanwhile, they do not involve higher risk factors and are thus referred to as risk-free-gilt-edged instruments to use in the longer run. There are various types of marketable government securities in India. They are:

• Treasury bills – Treasury bills, often called T-bills, are impermanent marketable securities supplied by the central government of India. They mature under 91 days, 182 days, and 364 days. These do not pay any interest as they are zero-coupon security; instead, they discharge them at a discount rate and redeem them at face value on the maturity date. 
• Cash-management bills – Cash management bills are premium securities introduced by the Central Bank and Reserve Bank of India in 2010. These are also short-term securities that mature within 91 days. The central governments use these securities for temporary cash flow requirements in daily operations. 
• Dated Government securities – Dated government securities have a fixed or varying interest rate known as the coupon rate. 
• State development loans – The state government of India issues these state development loans or securities to cope with their budget requirements. These are more flexible than dated government securities regarding repayment methods and investment tenures. 
• Treasury Inflation-Protected securities are long-term securities issued for 10-30 years and provide interest payments every six months. 
• Zero-coupon bonds – The zero-coupon bonds are discharged at face value with a discount and redeemed at par value. These do not charge any interest rate and redeem the security on the maturity period. 
• Capital Indexed bonds – Capital Indexed bonds determine a fixed percentage on the wholesale price index. The security allows the investors to safeguard themselves against inflation. 
• Floating rate bonds – The floating rate bonds do not involve any fixed percentage supplied by the state or central governments. 

Marketable securities in India deal with stock, bonds, ETFs, and preferred shares with various firms and the general public. It includes the involvement of Industrial and government security such as zero-coupon bonds, Dated government securities etc. These marketable securities help convert the liquid assets into cash for new and old firms at their respective maturity dates. The national institute of security market holds charge of security lines and thus works on enhancing the quality standards of the security market. 

Likewise, the Industrial and Governmental security market issue their shares, bonds, and securities to develop their microstructure and regulatory framework.