Paramagnetic is a type of magnetic material that is very weakly magnetised by a magnetic field in the same direction where the magnetic field is applied. The paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic or dipole moments.

Although, if we tend to remove the magnetic field in the direction it is applied, the material starts to lose its magnetism. This process is due to thermal motion, randomising the electrons’ spin orientations. Some other magnetic materials, like ferromagnetic materials, can retain their magnetisation in the truancy of an external magnetic field. Still, on the other hand, this process is not possible in paramagnetic materials.

Paramagnetic Materials

The paramagnetic material has a power of a permanent magnetic dipole moment, which is due to incomplete nullification of orbital magnetic moment and spinning of electrons. The paramagnetic materials are localised magnetic moments, but they cannot display net microscopic magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field. The paramagnetic materials exhibit two types; in the first one, the magnetic moments are present in slightly low concentrations, resulting in a great separation.

And the other type in which the paramagnetic can also display interaction in between the magnetic movements but the interactions between them are very weak, so the net magnetic field applied is equal to zero.

This type of magnetisation is based on a law called Curie’s law.

Using this law, the materials of paramagnetic magnetic susceptibility are inversely proportional to their temperature.

It can be depicted as:

M = χ(h) = C/T x H

Where,

M= magnetisation

C= Curie constant (material specific)

T= Absolute temperature in kelvin

H= auxiliary field of magnetisation

Paramagnetic Materials Properties

• The paramagnetic materials consist of permanent dipole movements in the condition in which the net atomic moment of dipoles of a single atom is not equal to zero. This is due to the spin of unpaired electrons.

• The substances of paramagnetic materials are very weakly attracted to each other. 

• In the external magnetic field, which is non-uniform, the paramagnetic substance or materials move from a weak field to a very strong magnetic field.

• The field near the poles is the strongest, so the paramagnetic rod present is strongest and in a parallel position. 

• A U-tube is present in the limbs of paramagnetic material between the magnetic poles.

• The intensity of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the magnetic field and is very small.

• The magnetic susceptibility is positive and small.

• Inside the paramagnetic material, the magnetic field lines become denser.

• The magnetisation of a paramagnetic material or substance is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.

• The magnetic moment of a dipole is parallel to the magnetic field, and the paramagnetic material is small.

• The relative permeability of the paramagnetic substances or material is just slightly greater than 1. The magnetic field inside the substance is always greater than the magnetising field.

Demonstration of Paramagnetic Liquid

Suppose a paramagnetic material or paramagnetic liquid is placed in a watch glass on two poles, and between them, the distance is less. The position where the paramagnetic liquid gets accumulated is in the middle of the glass, where the strength of the magnetic field is very strong.

If the paramagnetic liquid is put down in a glass or watch glass where the distance between the two pieces is far away from each other. In that case, the paramagnetic liquid’s position will be on the sides of the watch glass and will show depression in the middle of the watch glass because the magnetic field is stronger at the poles.

Examples of paramagnetic materials that exhibit or display paramagnetism are paramagnetic materials or substances. Authentic or pure paramagnetic materials are those substances or materials which display magnetic susceptibility concerning the Curie law.

The true paramagnetic materials also display paramagnetism regardless of the range of temperature. Examples of paramagnetic materials are aluminium, titanium, iron oxide, transition metal, etc.

What are Super Magnets?

Super Magnets display the net paramagnetic response and strong ferromagnetic material properties. The super magnet substances or materials also follow the law of Curie. An example of a super magnet is ferrofluid. The super magnets also have very significant constants of Curie.

Types of Magnets

There are a total of three types of magnets present, namely:

• Permanent Magnet: The magnet which never loses its capability of magnetism or its property after magnetisation is known as Permanent Magnets.
• Temporary Magnets: The Magnets that lose their magnetic capabilities or properties completely are called Temporary Magnets.
• Electromagnets: The substances or the materials which behave as a magnet when conduction of electricity is done through them are known as Electromagnets.

Conclusion

The paramagnetic substance or materials have approximately unpaired electrons. Because of these unpaired electrons, all the electrons’ final magnetic moment in a particle is not imparted up to zero. There are three types of magnets, namely, permanent magnets, temporary magnets, and electromagnets. Paramagnetic is a type of magnetic material that is very weakly magnetised by a magnetic field in the same direction where the magnetic field is applied. The paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic or dipole moments.  The relative permeability of the paramagnetic substances or material is slightly greater than the magnetic field inside the substance is always greater than the magnetising field.