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A “strategic partner” and a place of pilgrimage, India is a “spiritual neighbour” to most Mongolians. Aside from cultural ties, we have recently extended our collaboration in the business and defence areas. This partnership is based on the three Ds: Democracy, Dharma and Development Partnership. Buddhism has served as a bridge between our two countries, fostering a friendship and a spiritual connection between the two peoples. Let’s delve deep into the historical importance of the India-Mongolia relationship.
The Historical Importance of the India-Mongolia Relationship
- Buddhism spread from India and Tibet to Mongolia via the Himalayan area. Knowledge about Indian businesspeople and Buddhist monks who visited Mongolia during the Great Mongol Empire might support the idea that travellers exchanged ideas (post third century BC).
- According to many Mongolians, India is regarded as the land of Buddha, and students and Lamas would go to Nalanda for Buddhist studies. Indian and Mongolian ties may be traced back to the 5th to 7th century AD.
- Raghu Vira, a founder member of the International Academy of Indian Culture, discovered the ‘Golden Light Sutra’ in Vajracchedika. Raghu and his son Lokesh Chandra finished twenty volumes of Raghu’s ‘New Tibeto Mongol Pantheon’ and 108 volumes of the Mongolian Kanjur or Buddhist Canon.
- Mahayana Buddhism is often regarded to have influenced Mongolia’s intellectual growth. Mongolian Buddhism is primarily based on the Yellow Hat sect of Buddhism found in Tibet and China. However, it has evolved over time to include elements of ‘Tangarism’ and ‘Shamanistic’ pre-Buddhist religions.
- Several prominent figures have made a significant contribution to the consolidation of Mongolian Buddhist traditions with Indian ones. Many Buddhist monasteries were resurrected, and a Pethub monastery was established in UB city between 1990 and 2000 by Bakula Rinpoche, the ambassador to Mongolia at the time.
India Mongolia Trade
- During Shri Pranab Mukherjee’s 1994 visit, a Joint Trade Sub-Committee and Co-operation between the Planning Commission of India and the National Development Board of Mongolia were signed, respectively. Geological and mineral resources co-operation agreements were signed in September 1996. India and Mongolia inked a trade and economic co-operation agreement in 1996. Customs, tariffs and other import and export levies are exempt from MFN status under the agreement.
- An Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed during President Bagabandi visit in 2001 is presently under review. The volume and value of commerce between the two countries are small. Medicines, mining equipment and car components are just a few of the many products that the United States ships to Mongolia. Raw cashmere wool is among Mongolia’s exports.
- At the 1st India-Mongolia Joint Exhibition of Oil and Natural Gas, the goods and services of 35 reputable Indian enterprises, such as ASCONS, Tata Projects and IGSEC, were on display.
India Mongolia Defence Relations
- Both the National Development Board of Mongolia and the Planning Commission of India inked a Joint Trade Subcommittee and Co-operation during Shri Pranab Mukherjee’s 1994 visit. In September 1996, agreements for exchanging geological and mineral resources were signed. India and Mongolia also signed an agreement on trade and economic co-operation, which exempts import and export taxes, tariffs and other charges from MFN status.
- The Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed by President Bagabandi during his 2001 visit is currently being re-evaluated. Trade between the two nations is minimal in terms of both volume and value. The United States exports a wide range of goods to Mongolia, including medicines, mining equipment and automotive parts. There are several products made from cashmere wool in Mongolia.
- In collaboration with the Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Embassy of India organised a commercial event on 12 December 2018, titled ‘Trade and Investment Opportunities in India’, to promote Indian pharmaceuticals and agricultural products, as well as spice and tea exports to Mongolia.
Conclusion
Buddhism has been vital in maintaining the India and Mongolia relationship for millennia. When India formed diplomatic relations with Mongolia in 1955, it was the first country outside the former Soviet bloc to do so. Although China and Taiwan were adamantly opposed, India played a critical role in securing Mongolia’s admission to the UN and other significant international organisations. India also supported the Non-Aligned Movement’s inclusion of Mongolia. A year after the liberation of Bangladesh, Mongolia, together with India and Bhutan, co-sponsored a UN resolution recognising the country as a new member state. In 2015, India’s Prime Minister visited Mongolia for the first time as part of the country’s Act East programme.
The people of Punjab are known to be enthusiastic and lively, and this spirit has been perfectly channelled in sports, especially cricket. This article provides an overview of a few legendary cricketers who hail from the state of Punjab, and have also been a part of Kings xi Punjab.
Renowned Cricketers
Yuvraj Singh
This left-handed cricketer is known for the ODI world cup, 17 international hundreds, the T20Is, and nine thousand runs in 304 ODIs. His bowling techniques were phenomenal, and his ability to shine the light even when there seemed to be no hope of winning the game was admirable.
- Harbhajan Singh
Harbhajan Singh is known for his bowling and unique spinning techniques. In the 2001 Test series against Australia, Singh was responsible for taking down 32 wickets. Additionally, his presence in the 2007 and 2011 World Cup campaigns, along with 417 Test wickets and his 269 ODI wickets, are some of his finest achievements. He also played in the Punjab cricket association stadium from 2002 to 2011.
Mohinder Amarnath
Amarnath, throughout his career achieved great feats in the ODIs with two thousand runs and 46 wickets in 85 matches. His Test hundreds and his hopeful gusto during tough games were admirable.
Navjot Singh Sidhu
Sidhu grew famous particularly due to batting technique. The eight sixes he scored against Sri Lanka, and the 1996 World Cup win with four fifties; are his most well known achievements.
Lala Amarnath
In 24 Tests, Amarnath scored 878 runs and took 45 wickets. After his spectacular century in his debut Test, he became India’s captain. He went on to play 23 more Tests, but no more centuries were scored.
Dinesh Mongia
Mongia had an average of 27.9 and 14 wickets in the Internationals. His finest achievement was his play in the ODI series against Zimbabwe in 2002. He had scored 159 runs.
Harvinder Singh
Harvinder became a part of India’s Test team in 1998 after his domestic achievements. He failed to make a dent in the Tests but was efficient. Unfortunately, he was still dropped from the team. He only played three Tests and 16 one-day internationals. He got another chance in ODIs but failed again. His most well known contribution to cricket was the record he delivered in the ODI of the Sahara Cup against the Pakistan team in three wicket overs. He wasn’t in the kings XI Punjab.
Sarandeep Singh
Singh’s ODI career was fleeting, and he only featured in five ODIs. He played other roles like becoming India’s national team’s selector. He was known for his off-spins, which led him to bag 300 wickets. However, in the four-Test innings, he could only take ten wickets.
Gurkeerat Singh Mann
Mann is known to be the jack of all trades. He is a proficient batsman with strong strokes and was selected for the 2016 ODI team play against Australia. His off-spin is another admirable aspect. He is currently a member of the Punjab cricket team, the King’s XI Punjab.
VRV Singh
VRV carved his name in his first domestic and had a vigour unique to him. Despite his occasional accuracy fails, he made heads turn and even went on further to be recruited in the 2006 team to play against West Indies. He later became a domestic circuit. He was also in the five Tests picking up wickets and playing ODIs. He had played for the Punjab cricket team, the King’s XI Punjab.
Conclusion
Here we discussed the top ten Punjabi cricketers like Yuvraj Singh, Harbhajan Singh, Mohinder Amarnath, Navjot Sidhu, Lala Amarnath, Dinesh Mongia, Harvinder Singh, Sarandeep Singh, Gurkeerat Singh Mann and VRV Singh and their achievements.
The economy of China has come a long way from poverty and economic stagnation to prosperity and economic transformation. This transformation started in late 1970. China is the world’s largest economy (PPP) and second-largest economy(nominal), just behind the US to grab the second spot.
The People’s republic of China has seen several economic reforms, especially under Deng Xiaoping’s rule. The economy of China is going to overtake that of the US in some decades, to some estimates. According to reports, China is slowly turning towards a slow growth phase because of the transition from a developing country to a more developed and mature economy.
Economic policy
China is a prime example of economic success. Since adopting market-oriented economic reforms, it has successfully transitioned into a prospering and booming economy.
China has clocked around 9 per cent real growth since 1979. China has been in this transition for decades now, which took it from a poverty-stricken and backward economy to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. It was inspired by the soviet-style economy and adopted heavy industrialization, and became a centrally planned economy for some time. Still, later it went on with becoming a market-oriented economy.
Trade structure
The economic rise of China is mainly linked to the ever-flourishing trade that this country does with the rest of the world. Trade forms an integral part of China’s economy. This trade of China is resilient to any outside pressures, which was evident in the trade war with the US and a drastic fall in relationships with the EU.
A significant part of Chinese imports includes apparatus like computers, semiconductors, office machines and other commodities like fuels and chemicals. Taiwan, Japan, Australia, the US, and the EU are the major import partners of the People’s republic of China. Almost half of what the People’s republic of China imports comes from Southeast and East Asia.
China’s export mainly consists of manufactured products like electronic and electrical equipment and textiles, footwear, and clothing. The People’s Republic of China also exports significant amounts of fuels, chemicals and agricultural products. The major export destinations of China include South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, the US, and the EU.
China’s Exports
The People’s republic of China enjoys a favourable overall trade surplus. Its large trade surplus makes it the world’s largest exporter. China is also likely to remain the world’s largest exporter for quite some time. Electrical equipment and electronic equipment, nuclear reactors, furniture, prefabricated buildings, medical apparatus, textiles, plastics and boilers are the main things that the People’s republic of China exports. The major export destinations of China include Japan, South Korea, the US, the EU, and Hong Kong. The country has also signed the RCEP (regional comprehensive economic partnership), a free trade agreement that includes 14 other Indo-Pacific nations. This trade deal is the largest in history and covers around 30% of the global economy. Trade is a very significant part of the Chinese economy and has been used as leverage to modernise its economy to a greater extent.
According to the World trade organisation report, the overall exports of goods were around USD 2590.2 billion in 2020. Meanwhile, the exports of the services touched USD 278 billion during the same period. The People’s republic of China is fully reaping all the benefits of globalisation and is reporting significant increases in its exports.
Fiscal Policy
It was only after the opening up of the economy and the reforms that China started to adopt a fiscal policy in an absolute sense. There was a fiscal policy in The People’s republic of China before opening up, but in some other form, than that of a market-oriented economy. Its fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure were planned very strictly when it was a planned economy. There was no independence in this fiscal policy, and it was only under the control of the state. Simply put, fiscal revenues and fiscal expenditures had to follow the state’s plan strictly.
After 2012 the People’s republic of China saw uninterrupted and unprecedented proactive fiscal policy implementation, and it has been in place since 2008. There have been several operational adjustments, like the tax cuts in 2008 that turned to fee and tax cuts in 2018 and emphasis was laid on enhancing and strengthening the effectiveness in 2019. The market plays a decisive role in allocating resources in the Socialist market economy, and we also see most of the functions within the market law.
Conclusion
The People’s republic of China has come from a poverty-stricken country to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Its exports are increasing and so import.
The country is a part of several key trade deals. Its economy is flexible and can handle outside shocks like a trade war with the US or deteriorating relationships with the EU or quad members. It mainly exports electronic equipment, nuclear reactors, textiles, etc.
The major export destinations of China include Japan, the US, the EU and Hong Kong.
The imports of China come from countries like Australia, the US, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and the EU.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Ireland on September 23, 2015. It was the second time an Indian Prime Minister had visited Ireland. The first being Jawaharlal Nehru’s visit in 1956. Ireland is an island nation located in Northwestern Europe and surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Prime Minister of Ireland, Enda Kenny, had hosted PM Modi during his visit. The PM was attended by other dignitaries such as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Charles Flanagan, and Ireland’s Ambassador to India, Feilim McLaughlin. The main aim of the visit was to create stronger ties and improve trade and cultural relations. Described below is the impact of the PM’s Ireland visit.
Impact on trade and commerce
India and Ireland have strong bilateral trade and business relations. Before the PM’s visit, trades with Ireland were valued at €650 million in business in 2014. This included exports worth €248m and imports worth €402 million.
The indigenous exports increased from €32 million in 2012 to €55 million in 2014. In 2019, the total bilateral trade was around €1.2 billion. The exports and the imports have also increased to €636 million and €480 million respectively. Currently, the total trade between India and Ireland is valued at €4.2 billion. This resulted from improved bilateral ties between the two nations, owing to Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland.
Indian Companies in Ireland
Many Indian companies carry out trade and commerce in Ireland. They provide services to Irish markets and consumers across various industries. Pharmaceutical giants such as Reliance Genemedix and Amneal Pharmaceuticals operate in Ireland. Major IT companies such as Wipro, Infosys, TCS, and HCL also have a strong presence in the country. The trade relations were bolstered after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Ireland.
Other companies like Crompton Greaves, Deepak Fasteners, Jain irrigation systems, and Shapoorji Pallonji provide consumer goods and services. Likewise, many Irish companies conduct their business in the Indian market. These companies include pharmaceutical and nutrition players like ICON and Glanbia, IT firms like Globoforce and other companies like Keventer, CRH Taxback Group, and Connolly Red Mills.
Impact on Education
Ireland has been a coveted destination for higher education for Indian students. Over 5000 Indian students have enrolled for higher studies in various institutions in Ireland. The students are admitted to engineering, technology, medicine and management colleges. More than 30 research agreements have been signed between the two nations that allow institutes in both countries to collaborate.
Many reputed institutes like Trinity College, Dublin, and Thapar University, Patiala, have signed MOUs for engineering and science disciplines programmes. Thus, Ireland is an essential collaborator in graduate and doctoral research. This collaboration is also considered an impact of the PM’s Ireland visit.
Indian Community in Ireland
Ireland is diplomatically significant for India also due to the large number of Indian citizens residing there. The Indian origin population is approximately 45,000 people, of whom 18,500 are Non-Resident Indians (NRI), and others are Persons of Indian Origin (PIO). The majority of the residents are working professionals employed in engineering, healthcare and management positions.
It has helped in establishing many policies for the Indian origin population. Two such policies in practice are wearing hijab as a part of the police uniform and the non-requirement of obtaining an additional work permit for the spouse or the partner of Critical Skill Employment Permit holders.
Cultural Impact
As a result of a large population of Indian origin citizens in Ireland and the relationship between the two nations, Ireland promotes Indian culture in various forms. One such example is the celebration of Diwali in Ireland since 2008. The event is organised every year in collaboration with Irish and Indian committees.
Further, an annual contemporary film festival is also a part of the celebration of Indian culture. The promotion of such events indicates the importance of cultural exchange between the two nations. The Irish communities also take a keen interest in conventional practices such as cultivating and consuming Indian herbs and spices. This connects the agricultural practices between the two nations. The cultural ties between the countries were strong, and Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland helped strengthen them further.
Another significant practice is the celebration of International Yoga Day in Ireland. The Irish communities have accepted Yoga as a form of a healthy lifestyle. The practice is similar to the Indian tradition.
Tourism
India attracts around 44,000 Irish tourists every year. Indian tourists too visit Ireland in similar numbers. This was facilitated by the introduction of the common British-Irish visa scheme. This scheme allows the tourists to visit the U.K. and Ireland under one visa, rather than applying for two separate visas. It is valid for short stays. India also extended its Electronic Tourist Visa facility to Ireland to digitally facilitate visa approval and generation. The impact of the PM’s Ireland visit was such that it has also helped establish the tourism sector in both countries.
Conclusion
The diplomatic ties between Ireland and India have been impacted positively after Prime Minister Modi visited Ireland in 2015. It was an essential step toward strengthening the bilateral relationship between these two nations. India and Ireland have been important to each other since the 1900s.
In 2010 and 2017, two honorary consulates were established in Chennai and Kolkata. Later in 2019, a formal and fully functional consulate general in Mumbai. Ireland and India have also shown their allegiance to fighting terrorism after the Pulwama attack. India has also hosted several Irish dignitaries on various occasions. These visits were directed toward engagement in business, education, health and tourism.
Further, many agreements were signed to provide opportunities for employment to people of both countries. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland helped revive relatively stagnant relations between these two nations. Several cultural and historically similar instances bind these two nations. From Yeats and Tagore to cricket and Diwali, the cultural semblance between these two nations has helped create a strong tie between them.
