An Introduction to the Basic Components of Computer

An electronic device, which can store and manipulate data and provide results according to instructions fed by the user, is called a computer. A computer performs arithmetic and logical operation at an enormous speed. The presence of elements like hardware, software, programs, data, and connectivity in a computer enables the functioning of an electronic device as smooth and faster. Computers have become essential in almost every field like medicine, travel, education, entertainment, etc.  It eases the work of calculation, record-keeping, managing data, and reminders. There are five components of a computer system: Input Unit, Output Unit, Memory Unit, Control Unit, Arithmetical and Logical Unit.

Motherboard 

• The motherboard is the mainstay responsible for intertwining a computer’s basic components, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard drive, together in one spot and allows them to interact with each other. 
• It is also responsible for distributing power to the various basic components.
• They are also used to coordinate the various devices in the computer and maintain an interface among them.

CPU

• It is considered the computer’s brain and can perform data processing operations. It is responsible for storing data, communicating results, and managing operations. 
• It selects and arranges instructions memory in a way to form it in a correct sequence and comprehends them for the efficient performance of the other functional elements of the system at the required time. 
• CPU is of 3 common types, namely Single-core CPU, Dual-core CPU, and Quad-core CPU. 
• CPU consists of three basic components – Memory or Storage Unit, Control Unit, and ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit). 

Control unit

• It coordinates the transfer of data and instructions between other computer units.
• It receives the instructions from memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
• It manages the Input/Output devices to transfer data or results from storage. It is, however, not responsible for storing or processing data. It tracks the sequence of control signals from the received instructions or commands to the integral unit of the computer.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit is a group division of two sections that are-

Arithmetic Section and Logic Section.

• Arithmetic Section- This section performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 
• Logic Section- This section performs logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging data.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU produces high-end visuals much similar to that of video games. It is responsible for receiving commands from the CPU and updating the video display memory. GPUs come in two basic types: integrated and discrete. An integrated GPU is embedded alongside the CPU and does not has a separate card. A discrete GPU is a distinct chip placed on its circuit board, mostly attached to a PCI Express slot.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is the system’s short-term memory storage by storing the current information on the computer, allowing the functioning of an electronic device as smooth and faster. More programs running on a computer system will require more memory. RAM allows a user to perform such as browsing the internet, editing a spreadsheet, loading applications, or experiencing the latest game. The memory also allows users to land on the same page as they left upon switching to another page or application.

Storage Unit

• The storage unit is responsible for storing all the data and the instructions required for processing and intermediate results of the process. 
• It stores the processing results before they are released to an output device. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
• Data storage in a system is done in either Hard Disk Drive(HDD) or a Solid State Drive (SSD). A mechanical arm reads the data stored in a Hard disk drive. 
• Earlier HDDs could support 512-byte sectors; however, the Advanced Format can support 4,096-byte sectors with the evolution of tech.
•  Solid-State drives act like SIM cards in mobile phones. An SSD is a millimetre-sized silicon chip containing nano transistors in thousands or even millions. They are comparatively faster than hard drives and do not consist of moving parts. No mechanical arm is involved in finding data; it takes less time. 

Conclusion 

A computer is a complex machine. Each component of the computer system is essential for its smooth functioning. Each component is assigned responsibility for performing a specific function similar to the working of a human body. These assigned tasks are significant and allow the functioning of an electronic device to be smooth and faster. Almost every part is connected using cables to the system in a computer. The cables plug are attached to their respective ports, typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware is not part of the system unit and is sometimes called a peripheral device. Peripheral devices are external, such as mice, keyboards, monitors, printers, etc.