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The arrangement of kingdoms in biology is the method of how science categorizes living things based on their origin during evolution. This means that all the kinds that structure these five large kingdoms have mutual families and therefore they have in common some of their genes and are part of the same family tree. Recently some theories divided them additionally into six or seven kingdoms.

In the kingdoms of living things, there are other biological groups within the same system of classifications such as domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Scientists have divided the living organisms into five kingdoms namely the Kingdom of Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, and Monera.

KINGDOM MONERA

Monera is a kingdom in the context of biology that is made up of prokaryotes, particularly bacteria. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus and other organelles bounded by membranes. Monera is a kingdom that includes organisms that have prokaryotic cells. It is among one of the five kingdoms that Whittaker classified, among which the remaining four are Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. The organisms that have their place in Monera do not have an exact nucleus and hence, the cytoplasm contains their DNA. They are known to be among the oldest living organisms that exist. Kingdom Monera has organisms that are single-celled and can exist in moist surroundings. They are generally found in the areas of snow, deep oceans, hot springs, or parasitic organisms that depend on other organisms. These organisms lack membrane-bound organelles.

EXAMPLES OF KINGDOM MONERA

Some of the examples of Kingdom Monera are as follows:

  • Escherichia coli
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Salmonella
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Hay bacillus

CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA

Organisms that belong to Kingdom Monera has some distinct characteristics which are discussed below:

  • This class of kingdom contains those organisms that are single-celled.
  • The ribosomes existing in the cells of Monera are varied into 70 different types.
  • They have DNA that is bare and unbound by a nuclear membrane.
  • Organelles of the cell, for example, mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and others do not exist in Monera.
  • The organisms of the kingdom Monera reproduce asexually by binary fission. However, this diffusion of the organisms does not show any changes in hereditary. It is because the genes that the daughter cells receive are inseparable from that of their parent. Budding is also a method of reproduction of the Monera.
  • The cell wall of these organisms is made up of structural polymers that are found in most bacterial cells called the peptidoglycan and is inflexible.
  • It uses the flagella as its locomotive organs for transportation.
  • They can search for nutrition using different modes like autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic, or saprophytic mode of nutrition.
  • They are also identified as decomposers as they also live on other organisms.
  • Some organisms that belong to this kingdom create a membrane around their cells as a source for protection. The membrane protects the cell against undesirable conditions and hazards like phagocytosis by white platelets. The cells experience an inactive stage during undesirable conditions by establishing an endospore. When the environment turns desirable, the endospore converts back to an active cell.

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Protists are a class of all the eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As an outcome of this, Protista is a very varied group of organisms. Kingdom Protista is a eukaryotic organism that is the organisms have a true nucleus, they are bound by the membranes. Protists exist in almost any surroundings that comprise water in liquid form. Many protists, for example, the algae, produce their food, that is they are photosynthetic and are important primary creators in ecosystems. Some protists are in charge of a variety of grave human diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness.

EXAMPLES OF KINGDOM PROTISTA

Some of the examples of Kingdom Protists are mentioned below: 

  • Amoebas 
  • Choanoflagellates and ciliates
  • Diatoms
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Giardia
  • Plasmodium that causes malaria

CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM PROTISTA

The Kingdom Protista has certain characteristics which are discussed below:

  • They are mostly single-celled, except for some like multicellular algae. 
  • Kelp, or seaweed, is a large multicellular protist that offers food, accommodation, and oxygen for many underwater systems. Even though kelp is similar to a plant, it is not classified into Kingdom Plantae as it does not have the cellular complication of plant cells.
  • Protists can be heterotrophic, which implies that they acquire the energy they need for living by depending on other organisms.
  • They can be autotrophic, which implies that they acquire energy from the atmosphere through the process of adapting light energy and loading it in carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
  • Protists mostly exist in water, though soil that is moist and helps them in breathing. They can originate nearly anywhere on Earth where there is water in liquid form, even in human beings.

KINGDOM FUNGI

Kingdom Fungi, which includes yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms are fungi, that are nearly 144,000 identified species of organisms. There are also numerous organisms, including slime molds and water molds, that do not have their place in kingdom Fungi but are known to be called fungi. Many of these fungus-like organisms are involved in the kingdom Chromista. Fungi are among the most broadly spread organisms on Earth and are have great importance in the field of conservation and medicine. Many fungi live freely in soil or water while others form parasitic or interdependent relations with plants or animals.

EXAMPLES OF KINGDOM FUNGI

There are various examples of Kingdom Fungi. Some of which are: 

  • Yeasts
  • Rusts 
  • molds 
  • mildews
  • mushrooms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM FUNGI

The important characteristics of kingdom fungi are discussed below:

  • Fungi are more interrelated and associated with animals than plants.
  • Fungi are heterotrophic which means that they use composite living compounds as sources of energy and carbon instead of photosynthesis.
  • Fungi reproduce themselves sexually, asexually, or both.
  • Numerous fungi yield microorganisms, which are termed haploid cells that can experience mitosis to create individual haploid cells that are multicellular.
  • Fungi interrelate with other organisms by either forming advantageous or common relations or by triggering grave infections.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONERA, PROTISTA, AND FUNGI

The differences between Monera Protista and Fungi are discussed below:

Based on cell type: Monera are prokaryotic cells whereas Protista and Fungi are eukaryotic cells.

Based on the method of reproduction: Monera reproduces sexually whereas Protista and Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Based on Mode of Nutrition: Monera are heterotrophic and autotrophic. Protista gets nutrition by absorption and photosynthesis. Fungi get nutrition by heterotrophic, absorptive, saprobic methods.

Presence of Chloroplast: Only present in some Protists. It is not found in Monera or Fungi.

Based on Mobility: Monera uses bacterial flagella, gliding, or are non-motile. Protist uses cilia, flagella, amoeboid or contractile fibrils to move. Cilia and flagella are used by some Fungi for movement.

CONCLUSION 

Scientists have divided the living organisms into five kingdoms namely the Kingdom of Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, and Monera.

Monera is a kingdom in the context of biology that is made up of prokaryotes, particularly bacteria. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus and other organelles bounded by membranes. Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori are examples of Monera.

Protists are a class of all the eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As an outcome of this, Protista is a very varied group of organisms. Amoebas and Choanoflagellates are examples of Protista.

Fungi are among the most broadly spread organisms on Earth and are have great importance in the field of conservation and medicine. Many fungi live freely in soil or water while others form parasitic or interdependent relations with plants or animals. Yeasts and Molds are examples of fungi.