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Anatomy is the study of living structures. Gross anatomy is the dissection and examination of major bodily structures. Microscopical anatomy is the study of structural components visible only using a light microscope. Anatomical dissection is required. To cut apart is the Greek ana temnein, which Theophrastus coined as “anatomy.”

It refers to a body part or cell’s involvement in the whole. Who or what caused a change in a natural selection system? A component’s function is defined as its contribution to the organism’s fitness.

Classification

Main categories:

  • Human anatomy
  • Animal anatomy — Zootomy
  • Plant anatomy — Phytotomy

Human Anatomy

The study of mature human morphology. There are two types of gross anatomy: gross and microscopic. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical features that may be observed without magnification. It is the study of anatomical features that are visible without magnification. Microscopical anatomy examines minute anatomical structures with magnifying equipment. It comprises histology (tissue organisation) and cytology (cell organisation) (the study of cells).

Human Ear Anatomy

The ear is a sensory organ. The ear is made up of:

External ear, including:

  • PINNA/AURICULUM The ear’s exterior.
  • External auditory tube The tube that connects the outer and middle ears.

Tympani (eardrum): The tympanic membrane denotes the distinction between the middle and outer ears.

Middle ear (tympanic cavity):

  • Ossicles: Three tiny bones that attach to the inner ear and transmit sound waves. The bones are:
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
  • Eustachian tube: The back of the nose connects the middle ear. The Eustachian tube helps equalise middle ear pressure. Sound waves need equalised pressure to travel properly. The eustachian tube, like the nose and throat, is mucous lined.

Inner ear:

  • Cochlea. This contains the nerves for hearing.
  • Vestibule. This contains receptors for balance.
  • Semicircular canals. This contains receptors for balance.

Function Of Ear

The outer ear begins hearing. Sound waves travel through the external auditory canal and impact the eardrum when created outside the outer ear (tympanic membrane). It vibrates. The vibrations go to the ossicles, three small bones in the middle ear. It amplifies the sound. They convey sound waves to the inner ear and hearing organ (cochlea).

The inner ear amplifies sound waves. Auditory nerve impulses reach the brain. So the brain makes music out of electrical signals.

Kidney

The kidneys are found on either side of the spine, behind the ribs. 4-5 inches long, about the size of a fist.It filters your blood. This helps to eliminate wastes and maintain electrolyte levels. Every day, your blood passes through them 40 times.

Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in blood. Filtered blood is reabsorbed. In the kidney, waste is turned into urine, which drains to the bladder through the ureter.There are millions of tiny filters in each kidney. You may only have 10% of your kidneys working and have no symptoms.A kidney may die if its blood supply is cut off. This can cause renal failure.

Function Of Kidney

The kidneys’ main job is to excrete urine and cleanse the blood. Each kidney eliminates waste products and unwanted substances. The kidney’s major functions are listed below.

Waste removal

  • The kidney’s main role is to purify the blood by removing waste materials.
  • We eat protein-rich foods. Protein is required for bodily development and repair. While the body uses protein, it creates waste products. Keeping these waste products in the body is like keeping poison in the body. Each kidney filters blood and excretes toxins in urine.

It’s easy to quantify creatinine and urea in the blood. Their “values” in blood tests show renal function. When both kidneys fail, creatinine and urea levels rise.

Excess fluid removal

  • The kidney regulates fluid balance by excreting excess water as urine while maintaining the proper quantity of water in the body.

When the kidneys fail, they can no longer remove extra water. Body water causes edoema.

Minerals and chemistries

  • The kidneys also regulate minerals and substances including sodium, potassium, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and bicarbonate, and keep the body’s fluid composition regular.
  • Changes in sodium levels can impact mood, whereas changes in potassium levels can impact cardiac rhythm and muscle function. Calcium and phosphorus levels must be kept normal for healthy bones and teeth.

BP control

  • The kidneys generate hormones (renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, prostaglandins, etc.) that assist in managing water and salt balance in the body, hence regulating blood pressure. Disruptions in hormone synthesis and salt and water balance can cause hypertension in renal failure patients.

RBC production

  • Erythropoietin is a hormone generated in the kidneys that is essential for red blood cell formation (RBC). Kidney failure reduces erythropoietin production, resulting in reduced RBC production and insufficient haemoglobin (anemia). This is why iron and vitamin supplements do not enhance haemoglobin counts in renal failure patients.

To keep strong bones

  • The kidneys activate vitamin D, which is required for calcium absorption, bone and tooth development, and bone health. In renal failure, low active vitamin D levels slow bone formation and weaken bones. Kidney failure in children causes growth retardation.

Conclusion

The ear is a hearing and balancing organ. It receives sound waves and converts them into sounds that we can understand. Your kidneys also filter out acid created by your cells and keep your blood balanced with water, salts, and minerals including sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium.