Aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acids are carbonyl compounds, and they have a dual carbon-oxygen Bond. These organic compounds play a vital role in organic chemistry. These compounds have various usages in industries.

The occupancy of the joint carbonyl group in the two classes of compounds makes them exhibit similar chemical qualities. But, aldehydes are more reactive than ketones because of a free hydrogen atom.

Organic compounds that carry a double carbon-oxygen bond are commonly referred to as the carboxyl group. Aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acids are among the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The Carbonyl group is one of the essential groups present in compounds in a living system.

What are Aldehydes?

• Aldehydes are those organic compounds that are part of the functional group -CHO.
• These carbonyl compounds consist of a fundamental carbonyl carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to the R group (any alkyl group) and a hydrogen atom.
• Aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acids play a vital role in the field of organic chemistry.

Properties of Aldehydes

• The composition of aldehydes displays an sp2 hybridized central carbon which is double attached to oxygen and has a single bond with hydrogen.
• Aldehydes are soluble in h2O.
• Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are great representatives of this. These two aldehydes are quite significant industrially.
• Aldehydes commonly tend to undergo oligomerization or polymerization.
• The carbonyl core of the aldehyde has an electron-withdrawing characteristic. Hence, the aldehydes can be deemed somewhat polar.

Nomenclature of Aldehydes

• The IUPAC system assigns aldehydes a unique -al suffix. H2C = O is called methanal and is more commonly known as formaldehyde. Since the carbonyl aldehyde group must always be at the end of a carbon chain, it is always numbered 1 in the numbering and does not eed to be mentioned. There are several simple carbonyl compounds with common names that the IUPAC administers.
• There is also a common way of naming aldehydes and ketones. For aldehydes, the name of the standard leading chains , such as carboxylic acid, is used, and the suffix – aldehyde is added at the end. In common aldehyde letters, carbon atoms near the carbonyl group are often referred to with Greek letters. The atom next to the carbonyl function is alpha, the following atom to be removed is beta, and so on. 

Use of aldehydes

• Formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant.
• Preservatives for biological specimens.
• Aldehyde is used for silvering glasses.
• Formaldehyde is used to make plastics and resins.
• Benzaldehyde is used in the fragrance and paint industries.

What are Ketones?

• A ketone is a compound containing a carbonyl functional group that connects two ether groups. The general formula is an RC (= O) R’ ketone in which R and R are alkyls or aryl groups.
• IUPAC’s ketone functional group names include “oxo” or “keto.” Ketones are named -one by changing -e at the end of the leading alkane name.

Ketones usage

• Ketones are manufactured industrially in large volumes. 
• Ketones are generally used as solvents, pharmacy products, and polymer antecedents. 
• Essential ketones are methyl ethyl ketone, also known as butanone, cyclohexanone, and acetone.
• Propanone is required for making many common polymers.
• They are used as dissolvents.
• They are necessary for the production of many organic compounds. 
• Acetone and ethyl methyl ketone are mainly used as industrial solvents.

 Properties of Ketones

• They have higher boiling points.
• It cannot form any intermolecular hydrogen bond-like alcohols because no hydrogen is attached to an oxygen atom.
• Ketones have dipole characteristics.
• They are less soluble in water.
• Ketones form bisulfite addition products when added to sodium bisulfite.

Nomenclature of Ketones

• Ketones are named after the main alkanes with the suffix “-anyone.” 
• A number is used to show the position of the carbonyl group in ketone when naming the ketones. For example, CH3 (CO) CH3  is called propanone. 
• Though, this compound is commonly known as acetone. In general, ketones are named by writing the name of each alkyl group separately attached to the carbonyl and then writing ketone as the third word. 

What is Carboxylic Acid?

• Carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl functional group. They are widespread and are also produced artificially by humans. After protonation, carboxylic acids produce a carboxylic acid anion with the general formula R-COO-H, forming various useful salts such as soap.
• Carboxylic acids are the most critical functional group that C = O provides. Some carboxylic acids like citric, lactic, or fumaric acid are made by fermentation. Carboxylic acids are used in the food industry.

Usage  of Carboxylic acids

• Carboxylic acids play a vital role in manufacturing pharmaceuticals, food additives, solvents, and polymers. 
• Acetic acid, adipic acid and citric acid are among the carboxylic acids that are very useful industrially.

Properties of Carboxylic Acids

• They are polar compounds by nature.
• They can usually form hydrogen bonds.
• Aromatic carboxylic acids don’t dissolve  in water.
•  Although they are soluble in organic dissolvents,for example, ether and alcohol. 
• Carboxylic acids are acidic in nature.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

• The  “e” at the end of the alkane name gets replaced by -Oic Acid. If the aliphatic chain has only one carboxyl group, carboxyl carbon is always number one. For example, CH3COOH is called acetic acid.
• Suppose the aliphatic chain contains more than one carboxyl group.   Commonthe  Greek prefixes like “di-,” “tri-,” and so on are placed before the Common numbering of the compounds. With the addition of these prefixes and suffixes to the main chain, Carboxylic acid is called alkyl. 
• Arabic numerals are used to indicate the position of the carboxyl group. The name “carboxylic acid” or “carboxylic acid” can also be traced back to replacing the carboxylic acid in the carbon chain. An example of this designation is the name 2-carbofuran for the compound 2-furanic acid.