Geographical Structure of Bihar

Bihar is located in the eastern part of India. It is a landlocked country that shares borders with three Indian states: Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Bihar is bordered on the north by Nepal, on the west by Uttar Pradesh, on the south by Jharkhand, and on the south by West Bengal.

Bihar’s physiographic division

Bihar’s geological makeup includes both younger and older rock formations dating from the Tertiary to Pre-Cambrian periods. The sediments deposited by rivers created the plains of Bihar. Bihar is delimited by the Himalayan foothills, the Indo-Gangetic plains, the Vindhyan plateau, and the Gondwana Basin from a geographical standpoint. Bihar is classified into three physiographic units based on physical and structural factors.

• The Shivalik Ranges, 
• The plains of Bihar.
• Regions of the Southern Plateau

Shivalik Ranges

Third, the Shivalik Region, located in the sub-Himalayan foothills of the Shivalik range, casts a shadow over the state from the northern section of West Champaran for 32 kilometres and 6–8 kilometres. The West Champaran district is surrounded by a moist deciduous forest belt. This includes brush, grass, and reeds in addition to trees.

Northern Plains of Bihar

The plains of Northern Bihar are found in East and West Champaran (Terai areas with higher elevations), as well as the plains of Samastipur, Begusarai, Saharsa, and Katihar. Saryu, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Kosi, and Mahananda, as well as their tributaries, drain the region. Because several hills, such as the hills of Gaya, Rajgir, Giriyak, Bihar Sharif, Sheikhpura, Jamalpur, and Kharagpur, are located in this region, the plain of southern Bihar is narrower and triangular in shape than the plain of northern Bihar.

Regions of Southern Plateau

Between Kaimur district in the west and Banka district in the east is the Southern Plateau Region. It is made of gneiss, schist, and granite, which are all hard rocks. Pretshila, Ramshila, and Jethian hill are among the several conical hills built up of batholim in this region.

Geology of Bihar

Because Bihar is located in the Indo-Gangetic plain, it has naturally fertile soil. [requires citation] As a result, the soil of the Indo-Gangetic plain is critical to agricultural and industrial development. The Indo-Gangetic plain in Bihar is made up of a thick alluvial mantle of drift origin that covers the siwalik and earlier tertiary rocks for the most part. The soil is primarily a small young loam that is replenished every year by the steady deposition of silt, clay, and sand carried by streams, but primarily by floods in Bihar.

Phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and humus are all deficient in this soil, although potash and lime are frequently abundant. Gangetic alluvium of the Indo-Gangetic plain region, Piedmont Swamp Soil in the northwestern section of West Champaran district, and Terai Soil in the eastern part of Bihar along the Nepal border are the most frequent soils in Bihar. In Bihar, clay soil, sand soil, and loamy soil are all common.

Climate of Bihar

The climate is divided into three distinct seasons: the hot-weather season, which lasts from March to mid-June; the southwest monsoon rains season, which lasts from mid-June to October; and the cold-weather season, which lasts from November to February. Except in the far north, May is the hottest month, with temperatures often topping 90 °F (32 °C). January is the coolest month, with temperatures averaging in the low 70s F (about 22 °C). The average annual rainfall in the state ranges from around 40 inches (1,000 mm) in the west-central region to more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the far north. Between June through October, about all of the rain falls, with July and August being the wettest months. The winter season is the most enjoyable time of the year.

Conclusion

Bihar is a state in India’s eastern region. Nepal is to the north, West Bengal is to the east, Uttar Pradesh is to the west, and Jharkhand is to the south. Because of its proximity to the huge markets of eastern and northern India, access to ports such as Kolkata and Haldia, and raw material sources and mineral reserves in neighbouring states, the state has a distinct advantage.