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CAT 2018 Paper SLOT 1 [SOLVED]
"Everybody pretty much agrees that the relationship between elephants and people has
dramatically changed." [says psychologist Gay] Bradshaw.... "Where for centuries humans and
elephants lived in relatively peaceful coexistence, there is now hostility and violence. Now, I use
the term "violence because of the intentionality associated with it, both in the aggression of
humans and, at times, the recently observed behavior of elephants."...
Typically, elephant researchers have cited, as a cause of aggression, the high levels of
testosterone in newly matured male elephants or the competition for land and resources between
elephants and humans. But... Bradshaw and several colleagues argue that today's elephant
populations are suffering from a form of chronic stress, a kind of species-wide trauma. Decades
of poaching and culling and habitat loss, they claim, have so disrupted the intricate web of
familial and societal relations by which young elephants have traditionally been raised in the
wild, and by which established elephant herds are governed, that what we are now witnessing is
nothing less than a precipitous collapse of elephant culture....
Elephants, when left to their own devices, are profoundly social creatures.... Young elephants
are raised within an extended, multitiered network of doting female caregivers that includes the
birth mother, grandmothers, aunts and friends. These relations are maintained over a life span as
long as 70 years. Studies of established herds have shown that young elephants stay within 15
feet of their mothers for nearly all of their first eight years of life, after which young females are
socialized into the matriarchal network, while young males go off for a time into an all-male
social group before coming back into the fold as mature adults....
This fabric of elephant society, Bradshaw and her colleagues [demonstrate], hals] effectively
been frayed by years of habitat loss and poaching, along with systematic culling by government
agencies to control elephant numbers and translocations of herds to different habitats.... As a
result of such social upheaval, calves are now being born to and raised by ever younger and
inexperienced mothers. Young orphaned elephants, meanwhile, that have witnessed the death of
a parent at the hands of poachers are coming of age in the absence of the support system that
defines traditional elephant life. "The loss of elephant elders," [says] Bradshaw..."and the
traumatic experience of witnessing the massacres of their family, impairs normal brain and
behavior development in young elephants."
CAT 2018 Paper SLOT 1 [SOLVED]
What Bradshaw and her colleagues describe would seem to be an extreme form of
anthropocentric conjecture if the evidence that they've compiled from various elephant
researchers... weren't so compelling. The elephants of decimated herds, especially orphans
who've watched the death of their parents and elders from poaching and culling, exhibit behavior
typically associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related disorders in
humans: abnormal startle response, unpredictable asocial behavior, inattentive mothering and
hyperaggression....
[According to Bradshaw], "Elephants are suffering and behaving in the same ways that we
recognize in ourselves as a result of violence.... Except perhaps for a few specific features,
brain organization and early development of elephants and humans are extremely similar."
Q1: The passage makes all of the following claims EXCEPT:
1. elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emerging
threats.
2. the elephant response to deeply disturbing experiences is similar to that of humans.
3. human actions such as poaching and culling have created stressful conditions for elephant
communities.
4. elephants establish extended and enduring familial relationships as do humans.

English

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Verbal Ability and RC

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