A knowledge seeker, M.Sc ZOOLOGY
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Diksha Chopra

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity.
Complement system
Gene therapy 
Immunoglobulin
Vaccine

English

Immunology: IIT-JAM (Mathematics-MA)

Complement system The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane. It is part of the innate immune system,which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. The complement system can, however, be recruited and brought into action by antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system.
Three pathways
Classical pathway
Alternate pathway
Mannose binding lectin pathway

Complement system

Gene therapy it's types and vectors
Gene therapy is when DNA is introduced into a patient to treat a genetic disease. The new DNA usually contains a functioning gene to correct the effects of a disease-causing mutation.
Somatic gene therapy: transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of the body that doesn’t produce sperm or eggs. Effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the patient’s children.

Germline gene therapy: transfer of a section of DNA to cells that produce eggs or sperm. Effects of gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s children and subsequent generations.

Gene therapy

Immunoglobulin or antibodies it's types
 Antigen binding glycoprotein synthesized by B-cells having two light and heavy chains so called heterodimers.There are five immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) of antibody molecules found in serum: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. They are distinguished by the type of heavy chain they contain. IgG molecules possess heavy chains known as γ-chains; IgMs have μ-chains; IgAs have α-chains; IgEs have ε-chains; and IgDs have δ-chains. The variation in heavy chain polypeptides allows each immunoglobulin class to function in a different type of immune response or during a different stage of the body’s defense. The amino acid sequences that confer these functional differences are located mainly within the Fc domain.

Immunoglobulin

Vaccine :A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. 
Types
Live attenuated vaccine
Inactiveted vaccine
Subunit vaccine
DNA vaccine

Vaccines

Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reactionor intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system,They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host.  including allergies and autoimmunity.
Hypersensitivity type I: 
This type of reaction is also indiscriminately called immediate hypersensitivity or allergy or atopy, even though the term atopy is usually used for describing genetic propensity to develop this hypersensitive reaction, in which person with this propensity is called atopic. 
Hypersensitivity type II
This type of hypersensitivity is also called antibody mediated hypersensitivity.
Hypersensitivity type III
This is also called immune-complex mediated hypersensitivty
Hypersensitivity type IV
This is also called the T-cell mediated hypersensitivity. It is further divided to:

Delayed type hypersenstivity (mediated by CD4+ and CD8+T cells)

T-cell mediated cytotoxicity (mediated by CD8+ T cells) - in this reaction, T-cytotoxic cell specific for autoantigen on host cells may directly kill these cells.

Lessons

5 lessons • 43m

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Complement system

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Gene therapy

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Immunoglobulin

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Vaccines

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Hypersensitivity