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Abhyudaya Kelkar

In the course, I will be discussing Mughal Period up to Akbar's reign.

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(Hindi) Mughal Period Part- I

Crash Course

Modern History

History

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Modern History - Crash Course

This is an overview lesson of the course Mughal Period - I.

The course consists of the following seventeen lessons :
1. Medieval Europe - between 5th and 15th cent.
2. Renaissance - Rebirth of Art and Science in Europe 
3. Road to the East - European marine adventures 
4. Portuguese India - Portuguese foothold in India
5. Deccan Sultanates - The successor states of Bahamani
6. Tuluva Dynasty -  third dynasty of Vijayanagara
7. The Timurids - The descendants of Timur up to Babur
8. Babur in Central Asia - Babur before invading India
9. Babur in India
10. Humayun in India - Humayun's ten year rule
11. Sher Shah Suri 
12. Islamic world in 16thc.
13. Humayun's exile and return
14. Akbar I -  before 1562
15. Battle of Talikota and aftermaths
16. Akbar II -  after 1562
17. Akbar III - his legacies

Overview of the Course - Mughal Period - I (in Hindi)

European civilization at the beginning of the Christian Era was essentially the sum total of the achievements of Rome.

When Rome was partitioned, the eastern half became the Byzantine Empire headquartered at Constantinople. 

But the west succumbed to the barbarian invasions, the races who created many feudal states and nations, although under Christian influence.

Europe suffered from dark ages during this one millennium of political and cultural chaos.

The same is explained in the lesson.

Lesson - 1 The Medieval Europe (in Hindi)

Europe saw a rejuvenation c. 14th century after almost a millennium of 'Dark Ages'. It was actually a cultural and scientific rebirth. The Europe that we see today was reborn from its ashes like Phoenix.

The lesson contains the following topics :
1. Italian Renaissance
2. The Polymaths
3. Renaissance and its nature out of Italy
4. Inventions during this period
5. Major Renaissance works - painting, sculpture, literature, etc.
6. Developments in religion
7. Summary of developments

Lesson - 2 The Renaissance (in Hindi)

Why Orient ? Why was it so important for Europe ? Why did they take risk by exploring unknown routes to the east or the Orient ?


Every student must ask these questions to himself and his mentors. 

In this lesson the whole concept of Portuguese and Spanish navigation have been explained through maps.

How Vasco-da Gama managed to reach India in 1498 is detailed in this lesson.

Lesson - 3 The Road to the East (in Hindi)

Portuguese reached India in 1498. But how did they manage to establish their permanent base in India ? And how did they manage to extend their influence beyond India, through Malacca, right up to Ming China and Japan.

The lesson explains how the Portuguese  'Armada's managed to turn their annual expedition into permanent base in India and extend their colonies and possessions in the Orient i.e. East.

Lesson - 4 Portuguese India (in Hindi)

The Bahamani Sultanate ruled over the northern Deccan for almost two centuries. But it got fragmented around 1490 and five independent sultanates came into existence, which were called the 'Deccan Sultanates' :

1. Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar
2. Imadshahi of Berar (Vidarbha)
3. Baridshahi of Bidar
4. Qutubshahi of Golconda
5. Adilshahi of Bijapur

In this lesson we will discuss briefly about these sultanates and the events up to 1565, the participation of these sultanates in the Battle of Talikota against Vijayanagara. 

Imadshahi of Berar is skipped as nothing mentionable happened there except their independence from the Bahamanis.

Lesson - 5 Deccan Sultanates (in Hindi)

Tuluva Dynasty was the third dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire which included Krishnadeva Raya,  the greatest Vijayanagara ruler.

The lesson contains the following :
1. Establishment of Tuluva Dynasty
2. Reign of Vira Narasimha Raya II
3. Reign of Krishna Deva Raya
4. His wars against Kalinga and the Deccan Sultanates
5. His contribution to arts and literature
6. Timmarusu
7. Vijayanagara's association with Portuguese
8. The successors of Krishnadeva Raya
9. Aliya Rama Raya and Tirumala Raya
10. Sadashiv Raya under Aliya Rama Raya

Lesson - 6 Tuluva Dynasty (in Hindi)

Timur created a huge empire. It was short lived and got partitioned soon. 

After many struggles and wars, Timur's great grandson and Babur's grandfather, Abu Said Mirza united the remaining Timurid realms. 

After him, the sultanate created by him got fragmented again into 5 parts, one of which was Ferghana, the place of Babur.

This lesson is meant to explain the lineage of Timur up to Babur and clarify to the students the link between Timur and Babur.

Lesson - 7 The Timurids (in Hindi)

Very few people in India discuss the early career of Babur. 

He was a Timurid from Ferghana in Central Asia, now in Uzbekistan. But how Ferghana became a part of Uzbekistan and Babur got  settled in Kabul and Afghanistan, is thoroughly explained in this lesson.

Another scantily known fact about Babur in India is that, he had one more empire, his first one, the one he created in Central Asia by uniting the remaining Timurid domains.

He achieved this feat in 1511, but lost the northern half of it in 1512. Afterwards, he had only one direction to go - India.

This lesson focuses on Babur's achievements and losses in Central Asia.

Lesson - 8 Babur in Central Asia (in Hindi)

In the previous lesson, we saw  how Babur created an empire in Central Asia only to be lost to his rivals, the Uzbeks. At the same time, the Safavid Persia also emerged and conquered the Khorasan. Babur had no option but to expand his empire in India.

He invaded India in 1525 on the invitation of the local kings and Lodi governors. In 1526, he defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat.

Then he fought and defeated two coalitions - Rajputs at Khanua and Afghans at Ghaghra.

Babur died shortly afterwards.

These events are explained in this lesson.

Lesson - 9 Babur in India (in Hindi)

The reign of the second Mughal emperor, Humayun, was full of troubles. He was perhaps one of the unluckiest of all Indian rulers.

This lesson deals with the first part of his ordeals. His troubles in India were numerous, both internal and external. His brothers were hostile and Sher Shah of Bihar and Bengal never left a chance to get Delhi and drive away Humayun.

The lesson explains how Sher Shah got better of Humayun.

Lesson - 10 Humayun in India (in Hindi)

Sher Shah Suri was undoubtedly one of the greatest rulers of India. He made remarkable contributions in many spheres.

The lesson contains the following :
1. The background of Sher Shah
2. The early career of Sher Shah
3. His rise through the ranks
4. His conquest of eastern India
5. His victory over Humayun
6. Conquest of Delhi
7. His reign
8. His campaign against the Rajputs of northern and central India
9. His death
10 . His administration
11. His miscellaneous contribution

Lesson - 11 Sher Shah Suri (in Hindi)

Unless we know about the then Islamic world, we would not be able to understand the nature of global politics at that time and its impact upon Indian polities and politics.

The lesson contains the following :
1. Ottoman Empire - an introduction
2. Safavid Empire - an introduction
3. Shah Tahmasp - the one who sheltered Humayun
4. Shah Abbas - a contemporary of Akbar and Jahangir and the greatest Safavid emperor
5. Sahelian Sultanates of West Africa
6. Timbuktu and Trans-Saharan trade
7. Moroccan Sultanates
8. Majapahit Empire - the last Hindu empire of south-eastern Asia
9. Mushrooming up of Sultanates in south-eastern Asia
10. Brunei Sultanate
11. Europe surrounds the Islamic world

Lesson - 12 Islamic World in 16th Century (in Hindi)

The highlights of this lesson are :
1. Humayun in Persia
2. Humayun's  campaigns in Afghanistan
3. The successors of Sher Shah Suri
4. Fragmentation of the Sur Empire
5. Rise of Hemu
6. Humayun's victory over Delhi
7. Humayun's death
8. Hemu's conquest of Delhi
9. Prelude to the Second Battle of Panipat

This link is rarely discussed among the students and study circles in India.

Lesson - 13 Humayun Returns to India (in Hindi)

The lesson deals with the early reign of Akbar. 
It covers the following topics :
1. Akbar's childhood
2. Humayun's death
3. Akbar's coronation
4. The Second Battle of Panipat
5.  Aftermaths  of the Second Panipat
6. Akbar under Bairam Khan's influence
7. Akbar under Maham Anga's influence
8. Akbar's independence
9. Akbar's central Indian campaign
10. The Rajputana Campaign : Siege of Chittor
11. Conquest of Ranthambore and others
12. Birth of Salim

Lesson - 14 Akbar - I (in Hindi)

The lesson contains the following :

1. The prelude to Talikota
2. The Battle of Talikota, 1565
3. The aftermaths of Talikota
4. The legacies of Vijayanagara
5. The administration of Vijayanagara
6. The Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara
7. The Deccan Sultanates after Talikota


The remaining portion will be covered in Mughal Period Part-II.

Lesson - 15 Talikota (in Hindi)

After 1570, Akbar's empire saw tremendous expansion and an unparalleled era of cultural renaissance. 


The lesson consists of the following :
1. Mughal conquest of Gujarat
2. Mughal conquest of Bengal
3. Mughal conquest of Kabul and Kashmir
4. Mughal conquest  of Sindh, Baluchistan and Kandahar
5. Battles of Haldighati and Tukaroi
6. Mughal invasion of the Deccan
7. Salim's Revolt
8. Akbar's last days and death
9. Akbar's family
10. The Nav-ratnas of Akbar's court


There is one small correction though. Prince Murad died in 1599 and not in 1597.

Lesson - 16 Akbar - II (in Hindi)

Akbar not only enlarged the Mughal Empire consistently, but brought a cultural renaissance to the whole region. 

The following topics are covered in the lesson :
1. Akbar's contribution in the field of art
2. Akbar and the Mughal architecture
3. Mughal economy under Akbar
4. Military structure of the Mughals
5. Mughal Administration in brief
6. The Mansabdari system
7. Akbar's attitude towards religion
8. Din-i-Ilahi
9. Akbar's passion for adventure and hunting
10. Miscellaneous other points regarding Akbar

Lesson - 17 Akbar - III (in Hindi)

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