My quality is to study the UPSC's Analytical Studies & Also Cleared three time UPSC mains & UGC NET.Currently in Kalka IAS Academy Bhopal

R K Shukla

In this chapter we are discussing INSOLATION, Conduction,Radiation, Convection. As we know that sun is the primary source of energy for the earth. The sun radiates its energy in all directions into space in short wavelengths, which is known as solar radiation.
The earth’s surface receives only a part of this radiated energy (2 units out of 1,00,00,00,000 units of energy radiated by the sun).The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation.The amount of insolation received on the earth’s surface is far less than that is radiated from the sun because of the small size of the earth and its distance from the sun.Moreover, water vapour, dust particles, ozone and other gases present in the atmosphere absorb a small amount of solar radiation.

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(UPSC/ MPPSC SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY LECTURE)

Insolation or incoming solar radiation

As we all know, the sun is the primary source of energy for the earth. The sun radiates its energy in all directions into space in short wavelengths, which is known as solar radiation

The earth’s surface receives only a part of this radiated energy (2 units out of 1,00,00,00,000 units of energy radiated by the sun).

The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation.

The amount of insolation received on the earth’s surface is far less than that is radiated from the sun because of the small size of the earth and its distance from the sun.

Moreover, water vapour, dust particles, ozone and other gases present in the atmosphere absorb a small amount of solar radiation.

The solar radiation received at the top of the atmosphere varies slightly in a year due to the variations in the distance between the earth and the sun.

During the earth’s revolution around the sun, the earth is farthest from the sun on 4th July. This position of the earth is called aphelion. On 3rd January, the earth is nearest to the sun. This position is called perihelion.

 factor influencing insolation

The amount of insolation received on the earth’s surface is not uniform everywhere. It varies according to the place and time. When the tropical regions receive maximum annual insolation, it gradually decreases towards the poles. Insolation is more in summers and less in winters. The major factors which influence the amount of insolation received are:
Rotation of the earth on its axis

The angle of incidence of the sun’s rays

Duration of the day

Transparency of the atmosphere

Geography Insolation and Temperature - 1 (in Hindi)

(UPSC/ MPPSC SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY LECTURE PART 2) In this chapter we have discussed towards the causes of  temperature difference around the world. How latitude, height, ocean current,winds effect directly or indirectly on temperature variations.

Geography Insolation and Temperature - 2 (in Hindi)

UPSC/ MPPSC SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY LECTURE 1 (PART 3)
Heating & cooling of the atmosphere
The sun is the ultimate source of atmospheric heat and energy. There are different ways of heating and cooling of the atmosphere. They are:

Terrestrial Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Advection

Terrestrial radiation

Before discussing terrestrial radiation, the following facts about radiation are worth noting.

i) All objects whether hot or cold emit radiant energy continuously.

ii) Hotter objects emit more energy per unit area than colder objects.

iii) The temperature of an object determines the wavelength of radiation. Temperature and wavelength are inversely proportional. Hotter the object, shorter is the length of the wave.

So, when the earth’s surface after being heated up by the insolation (in the form of short waves), it becomes a radiating body.

The earth’s surface starts to radiate energy to the atmosphere in the form of long waves

This is what we call as terrestrial radiation This energy heats up the atmosphere from bottom to top.The long-wave radiation is absorbed by the atmospheric gases particularly by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated by the terrestrial radiation.
The atmosphere, in turn, radiates and transmits heat to space. Finally, the amount of heat received from the sun is returned to space, thereby maintaining a constant temperature at the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere.

 conduction
Conduction is the process of heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler object when they come in contact with each other.
The flow of heat energy continues till the temperature of both the objects become equal or the contact is broken.

The conduction in the atmosphere occurs at the zone of contact between the atmosphere and the earth’s surface.

Conduction is important in heating the lower layers of the atmosphere.

convection
Transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance from one place to another, generally vertical, is called convection.
The air of the lower layers of the atmosphere gets heated either by the earth’s radiation or by conduction. The heating of the air leads to its expansion. Its density decreases and it moves upwards.

The continuous ascent of heated air creates a vacuum in the lower layers of the atmosphere. As a consequence, cooler air comes down to fill the vacuum, leading to convection.

The cyclic movement associated with the convectional process in the atmosphere transfer heat from the lower layer to the upper layer and heats up the atmosphere.

The convection transfer of energy is confined only to the troposphere.
. Advection
The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air (wind) is called advection.
Winds carry the temperature of one place to another. The temperature of a place will rise if it lies in the path of winds coming from warmer regions. The temperature will fall if the place lies in the path of the winds blowing from cold regions.

Horizontal movement of the air is relatively more important than the vertical movement. In the middle latitudes, most of diurnal (day and night) variations in daily weather are caused by advection alone.

In tropical regions particularly in northern India during the summer season, local winds called ‘Loo’ is the outcome of advection process.

Geography Insolation and Temperature - 3 (in Hindi)

UPSC/MPPSC SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY INSOLATION & TEMPERATURE (PART 4)  We have discussed about temperature difference how it occur daily or annually

Geography Insolation and Temperature - 4 (in Hindi)

UPSC/ MPPSC SPECIAL GEOGRAPHY LECTURE part 5

Heat budget 
The earth as a whole does not accumulate or lose heat. It maintains its temperature.
This can happen only if the amount of heat received in the form of insolation equals the amount lost by the earth through terrestrial radiation.

This balance between the insolation and the terrestrial radiation is termed as the heat budget or heat balance of the earth.
This is why the earth neither warms up nor cools down despite the huge transfer of heat that takes place.

Albedo can be simply defined as a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected back without being absorbed.

It is a reflection coefficient and has a value less than one.

When the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, some amount of it is reflected, scattered and absorbed.

The reflected amount of radiation is called as the albedo of the earth.

Geography Insolation and Temperature - 5 (in Hindi)

B.E.(EC) | 10 yrs of teaching experience | Qualified MPPSC MAINS, UPSC, MP SI | Teaching MP GK, Geography, Polity, History, Economics

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This course is all about mineral assets in Madhya Pradesh including all important minerals present in Madhya Pradesh.

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In this course, the educator discusses the educational status of Madhya Pradesh. The course will be beneficial for MPPSC/VYAPAM Aspirants.

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