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UPSC CSE - GS

UPSC - Civil Services Examination (IAS) Preparation

Hindi

(Hindi) Earth Quake: UPSC and MPPSC Special Lecture

Volcanism & Earthquakes

Physical Geography

Geography

UPSC CSE

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Union Public Service Commission Exams (UPSC)

This lecture is very useful for UPSC & MPPSC STUDENTS. We have discussed towards the Earth Quake.
An earthquake is occur when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
The earth has four major layers. Inner core,outer core,mantle & crust.The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin is not all in one piece, it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth.Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the Plate boundaries.The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.

Geography: Earth Quake (in Hindi)

Here we have discussed seismic waves during earth quake, While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is ,being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us! (see P&S Wave inset)
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.
P waves are like the lightning, and S waves are like the thunder. The P waves travel faster and shake the ground where you are first. Then the S waves follow and shake the ground also. If you are close to the earthquake, the P and S wave will come one right after the other, but if you are far away, there will be more time between the two. By looking at the amount of time between the P and S wave on a seismogram recorded on a seismograph, scientists can tell how far away the earthquake was from that location. However, they can’t tell in what direction from the seismograph the earthquake was, only how far away it was. If they draw a circle on a map around the station where the radius of the circle is the determined distance to the earthquake, they know the earthquake lies somewhere on the circle. But where?

Geography: Seismic Waves (part 2) (in Hindi)

World Distribution of earth quake.

The Pacific Ring of Fire accounts for about 65 per cent of all earthquakes and these are closely linked with the phenomenon of plate tectonics. Chile, California, Alaska, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and the mid-ocean areas have had many minor and major earthquakes in this belt. Mountains here run along the border of continents and nearly parallel to the depressions in oceans. The sharpest break in relief in this belt is the cause of earthquake.

The mid-world mountain belt extends parallel to the equator from Mexico across the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea from Alpine- Caucasus ranges’ to the Caspian, Himalayan mountains and the adjoining lands. This zone has folded mountains, large depressions and active volcanoes.

The remaining 11 per cent of the shocks are recorded outside these two belts. Only a few occur along the fracture in African lakes, Red Sea and the Dead Sea zone.

World Distribution of Earth Quake (part3) (in Hindi)

Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not dramatically increase in height. But as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases. The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the source of the wave. Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes its speed around 650km plis over deep waters, only slowing down when reaching shallow waters.

Tsunami (part4)(in Hindi)

The Indian Ocean Warning System has been developed on the likes of the already existing Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre which helps to track tsunamis on the western parts of the globe and consists of a variety of devices to aid the process.

Pressure Recorders and Tide Gauges are two of the main gadgets that are used to detect a tsunami attack. These two devices have become quite popular after the aforementioned calamity as seismic devices, which were used initially but sparingly failed to give a sure-shot indication of the calamity.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System is the latest pioneer that has been achieved to alert coastal residents about an impending tsunami. The system has been developed following the casualty that occurred after the 2005 natural calamity.

The Indian Ocean Warning System has been developed on the likes of the already existing Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre which helps to track tsunamis on the western parts of the globe and consists of a variety of devices to aid the process.

pressure recorders & tides gauges are two of the main gadgets that are used to detect a tsunami attack. These two devices have become quite popular after the aforementioned calamity as seismic devices, which were used initially but sparingly failed to give a sure-shot indication of the calamity.

Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) is an example of one of the former gadgets mentioned. The device uses buoys and sensors located at deep sea to warn about the attack of a tsunami. A pressure recorder located at the sea bed measures the variance in the weight of the water and sends the data to the buoy located at the water-surface. This received data is added to the surface conditions monitored and tracked by the buoy and sent via a satellite signal to a receiving station.

The biggest advantage of installing a pressure recorder like the DART is that it is accurate and gives ample time as regards warning the people concerned is taken into consideration. The biggest disadvantage is that it is quite expensive and often governments might forgo this technology on account of the expenditure more than anything else.

Disaster Management (part 5)(in Hindi)

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Lessons

5 lessons • 53m

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Geography: Earth Quake (in Hindi)

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Geography: Seismic Waves (part 2) (in Hindi)

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World Distribution of Earth Quake (part3) (in Hindi)

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Tsunami (part4)(in Hindi)

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Disaster Management (part 5)(in Hindi)