Hi...My name is Deepak... Currently, I am pursuing my master's in computational chemistry from the Central University of Punjab. 


Deepak James

Discussion of wild beauty of p-block elements and their unusual properties of elements in p- block

CBSE Class 12

English

P Block Elements: CBSE Class 12

p-Block Elements

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemistry

Class 6-12

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CBSE

CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education)

P- block elements ( 15 group elements)

General properties of p block elements are:

1,  p- block elements are placed in groups 13 to 18 of periodic table.

2, General electronic configuration is ns2 np1-6

3, The presence of all three elements: metals, non metals and metalloids present in p- block

Group 15 elements 

Members :: Nitrogen,  Phosphorus,  Arsenic,  Antimony and Bismuth..

Electronic configuration: ns2 np3

Atomic radii: Increased from N to p. But As to Bi show a slightly increase in atomic radii due to the presence of d and / or f - orbits

Ionisation enthalpy: Decreases with increase in atomic number 

Electronegativity:Decrease down in the group with increase in atomic size

Chemical properties :

Common oxidation states: -3, +3, and +5
Nitrogen oxidation states: +1, +2,  +4
Phosphorus oxidation states :: +1 and +4

Group 15 Elements

Anomalous properties of nitrogen and preparation of Dinitrogen

Properties: Small size,  High electronegativity and High ionisation energy 

Unique property: Formation of p pi - p pi bond

Reactivity towards Halogen: Elements react to form to serious of Halides - Ex3 and Ex5.  Nitrogen doesn't form pentahalide due to the non availability of the d orbitals NF3 is found to be more stable 

Reactivity towards Hydrogen ; Stability of hydride decreases from NH3 to BiH3 which can be observed from their bond dissociation energy. NH3 is mild reducing agent and BiH3 is strong reducing agent

Preparation of Dinitrogen 

Commercial production: liquefaction and fractional distillation of air

In laboratory :: 
NH4cl+NaNo2 -----> N2 +H20+ Nacl 

Pure nitrogen can be obtained by thermal decomposition of Barium aside

Ba (N3)2-------> Ba+3N2

Anomalous Properties of Nitrogen and Preparation of Dinitrogen

Preparation of ammonia 

1, Formed by decay of nitrogenous organic matter

NH2coNH2+2H20--->
2NH3+2H20+C02

2. Small scale production 

2NH4CL+Ca(oh)2--->

2NH3+2H20 +Cacl2



3. Large scale production 

Haber process 

N2+3H2--> 2 NH3

Conditions
a. High pressure 
b. 700k temperature 
c .Iron oxide used as a catalyst 

Properties of ammonia 

Colourless gas with pungent smell, Ammonia molecule is trigonal pyramidal, that is Lewis base

Highly soluble in water:
NH3+H20---> NH4+ +0H-

It forms ammonium salt with acids and it helps the precipitation of many metal hydroxides from their salt solutions 


Uses: Fertilizers,  Liquid ammonia is also used as a refrigerant

Preparation of Ammonia

Nitric acid (HN03)

Nitrogen forms oxoacids such as H2N2O2,HNO2, HNO3

Preparation 

In laboratory 

NaNo3+H2SO4-----> 4NO+6H2

 large scale production 

4NH3+5O2-------> 4NO+6H20 

Conditions 

500k temperature,  9 bar pressure,  pt/ Rg gauge catalyst 

2NO+O2-----> 2NO2

3NO2+H2O---->2HNO3+NO

Properties

Colourless liquid, planar shape,  In aqueous solution nitric acid behaves as a strong acid 

Con.HNO3-- strong oxidising agent and attacks most element except noble gas elements such as gold and platinum.  Some metals do not dissolve in con. HNO3 because the formation of a passive film of oxide on the surface 

Uses: picking of stainless steel,  etching of metals and oxidiser in rocket fuel

Nitric Acid

Phosphorus - Allotropic forms

Phosphorus found in Allotropic forms such as white phosphorus,  Black phosphorus,  and Red phosphorus 

1, White phosphorus 

Translucent,  white waxy solid, poisonous,  insoluble in water but soluble in cs2, chemiluminescent 

P4+3NAOH---> PH3+3 NAH2PO2

White phosphorus is less stable,  more reactive 

2, Red phosphorus 

I
Obtained by heating of white phosphorus at 573k, iron grey lustre,non poisonous,  insoluble in water soluble in cs2. Doesn't glow in dark 

3, Black phosphorus -- 2 forms

Alpha-black.: formed when red phosphorus is heated at 803k, doesn't oxidise in air

Beta- black: Obtained by heating of white phosphorus at 473 k, doesn't burn upto 673k

Allotropic forms of phosphorus

Preparation of phosphine 

Preparation 

Ca3p2+6H2O-->
3Ca(0H)2+2PH3

Ca3p2+6HCL---> 3cacl2+2PH3

In laboratory 

P4+3NaoH+3H2O----> PH3+3NaH2po2

Properties 

Colourless gas with rotten fish smell,  highly poisonous,  it explodes in contact with traces of oxidising agents like HNO3 , CL2, and Br2 vapours 

Uses

Holmer's signals, smoke screens

Preparation of phosphine

Phosphorus halides 

Two forms - PX3 AND PX5

Phosphorus trichloride 

Preparation :

P4+6CL2 --> 4PCL3

P4+8SoCl2 ----> 4Pcl3+4so2+2s2cl2

Properties 

Colourless oily liquid,  pyramid shape,  sp3 hybridised, react with organic compound containing -OH group 


Phosphorus pentahalide 

Preparation

P4+10Cl2 ----> 4PCl5

P4+10So2Cl2 ---> 4PCl5+10So2

Properties :

Yellowish white powder,  moist in air, Hydrolysis to PoCl3 and finally gets converted into phosphoric acid,  liquid and gaseous phase - Trigonal bipyramidal( all bonds are not equivalent) 

PCl5+H2O ---> POCL3+2HCl

POCl3 +3H20 ---> H3PO4+3 Hcl

Phosphorus halides

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B.Sc PCM  M. Sc Chemistry
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Lessons

7 lessons • 1h 9m

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Group 15 Elements

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Anomalous Properties of Nitrogen and Preparation of Dinitrogen

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Preparation of Ammonia

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Nitric Acid

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Allotropic forms of phosphorus

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Preparation of phosphine

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Phosphorus halides