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Abhyudaya Kelkar

There were many important political and socio-cultural developments throughout India after the Ghaznavid invasion that are rarely talked about and taught to the students. Usually the teachers suddenly start discussing the Ghurid Invasion, skipping the two centuries of Indian politics  and the development vis-a-vis the then Islamic World.
We will talk about these facts.

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Medival India - The Two Centuries After Mahmud

General Awareness

Indian History

Early Mughal Period

Medieval History

History

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There were many important political and socio-cultural developments throughout India after the Ghaznavid invasion that are rarely talked about and taught to the students. Usually the teachers suddenly start discussing the Ghurid Invasion, skipping the two centuries of Indian politics  and the development vis-a-vis the then Islamic World.
We will talk about these facts.
This part, i.e. Part-II, has been divided into 12 lessons.

Overview of Part-II The Two Centuries After Ghaznavid Invasions

Mahmud Ghazni was the first real tragedy for the Hindus of the northern and central India. His raids   and plunders left the northern India in shambles. He is considered one of the world’s worst iconoclasts. He not only plundered and looted the Hindu temples but also destroyed and desecrated them.
The most important feature of his raids was the numbers. He made ‘numerous’ raids into India. Probably he used to invade every year. The region in South Asia under his empire is roughly the area of Pakistan. Let’s learn more about these raids.

The Ghaznavid Invasions

Mahmud Ghazni left a trail of death and destruction behind him in the areas not covered under his empire. Although his invasions did not bring much changes in the political situations in India, there were huge socio-economic and cultural changes. Many things started getting transformed, right from the religion to art. Sufis started coming to the northern India in appreciable numbers only after this invasion, who really laid the foundation of Islam in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Ghazni opened the path for further invasions into India. The raids of his successors continued for few more decades.  All these factors are discussed in considerable depth in this lesson, along with Al Beruni.

The Impact of Ghaznavid Invasions

A span of two centuries is a considerably long period of time. Many dynasties prosper and perish. In a densely populated country like India, the numbers of states are necessarily high. So, numerous states existed, both in the north and in the southern part of India, during this period. Many power struggles and many political changes occurred. In the north, the Rajputs and their ‘Rajputana’, in the west the Solankis and Soomras, in central India, the Parmars, Chandelas and Kalchuris. The interaction of these states gave birth to many power equations. Let’s have a glance of few of these.

The Two Centuries in the North

Similarly as in the north, the south too was a hotly contested region.  The two Chalukyan states of Kalyani and Vengi, pitted against the mighty Imperial Cholas, and their contest for the supremacy over the Deccan was a regular feature of this period. 
A new front against the Eastern Gangas of Odisha emerged.
At the end of this era, new contestants were born – The Seuna (Yadavas), the Kakatiyas and the Hoysalas. We shall discuss these political entities and the mess briefly.

The Two Centuries in the South

Cholas were undoubtedly one the mightiest powers in the Indian history. They remained virtually undefeated throughout their prime. Pragmatic moves and strength of arms made them the unrivaled masters of the southern sea. 
Vijalaya founded it, Aditya, Parantaka, Rajaraja and Rajendra made it great and invincible.
We will talk about these greater Chola emperors in this lesson.

The Cholas - I

A second dynasty of the Cholas emerged under Kulottunga I and there after the decline of the Cholas started. Nevertheless, throughout the four centuries of their existence, they contributed in all the fields of art and culture. So, these Cholas excelled not only in arms, but in arts too.
Let us know more about their miscellaneous contributions in the fields of architecture, art, economy, language, literature and religion.

The Cholas - II

Similarly as in India, the central Asia too remained turbulent. The Ghaznavids emerged from and vanished into the turmoil. Central Asia, as I already pointed out, remains a poorly studied region among the students and teachers. As it was necessary to understand about the region before start talking about the Ghaznavids, it is relevant in the case of the Ghurids as well.
Apart from this, the ‘Holy Wars’ or the Crusades have also been discussed, vis-à-vis the events in central Asia.

The Developments in Central and Western Asia

One of the biggest changes that took place in this period was in religion. How the word ‘Hindu’ came to be used to denote a ‘religion’ has been explained.
How Islam prospered, how Hinduism got stagnated and how Buddhism declined, have all been answered through this lesson.
Many new cults evolved. These too have been covered in this lesson.

Religion in India During the Two Centuries

The two centuries saw enormous changes in the Indian culture. The architecture was the most notable one. It would not be inappropriate to call this period ‘the Golden Era of the Indian Indigenous Architecture’, particularly while talking about the temple architecture. Both, the Nagara style of the north and the Dravid style of the south reached to the pinnacle of their glory. Also, two other styles also developed through their influence – Kalinga and South-east Asian.
Further, the influence of Indian Civilization over the southeastern Asia was still very high after almost a millennium. These known facts will be talked about in this lesson.

Culture in India During the Two Centuries

The Ghurid Invasion was to bring permanent changes to the Indian society and culture and every aspect of life and thought.  But before talking about that, it is necessary to know the exact condition of India, without which the aftermaths and impacts cannot be visualized and understood.
There were many political entities existing before this invasion. I have given a brief account of the most notable among them. 
A map is also used to show you the location of these states to enable you to understand the pre-Ghurid political condition of India.

India on the Eve of the Ghurid Invasions

Ghori defeated Prithviraj. This is all a layman knows about him. But he did much more in India. Not only Ghori, but his lieutenants, his slaves, too got many victories. This lesson will be focused on Ghori and his lieutenants. The narration of his conquest of Ajmer, Delhi and Kannauj is also included, along with the two battles of Tarain.
The campaigns of his lieutenants or slaves have also been covered. Further, the later life of Ghori, his succession to the throne, his central Asian chemistry, the manner of his death, his successors and successor states, all have been explained in this lesson.

The Ghurid Invasions

When we talk about Ghori, most of the common people get confused about his identity vis-à-vis Mahmud Ghazni. There were many differences between them as explained in this lesson.
The immediate effects of the invasion on society, religion, etc., including the arrival of Moinuddin Chishti, have all been covered in the lesson.
What happened to the Ghurids after Muhammad Ghori should also be studied for thorough understanding of the subject. So this is also a part of the lesson.
A brief introduction of the Delhi Sultanate has also been included.

The Aftermaths of the Ghurid Invasions

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